HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 NOTE: THIS IS A WORK IN PROCESS .. WHEN THIS NOTICE IS REMOVED IT WILL BE COMPLETE. Page 1 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY South Carolina FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 BY FITZ HUGH McMASTER Native of Fairfield County 1946 THE STATE COMMERCIAL PRINTING COMPANY COLUMBIA. S. C. Page 2 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION......................................................................4 FAIRFIELD’S HILLS.................................................................5 CHAPTER I.........................................................................6 BEFORE THE WHITE MEN CAME......................................................6 FOOTNOTES......................................................................9 Chapter II.......................................................................10 THE ORIGIN OF THE WHITE SETTLEMENT OF SOUTH CAROLINA..........................10 CHAPTER III LOYALISTS IN REVOLUTION..............................................17 CHAPTER IV.......................................................................21 THE PEOPLE OF FAIRFIELD.......................................................21 CHAPTER V........................................................................23 THE SOCIAL LIFE...............................................................23 CHAPTER VI.......................................................................28 AS TO AGRICULTURE.............................................................28 CHAPTER VII......................................................................43 INDUSTRIAL....................................................................43 CHAPTER VIII.....................................................................46 EDUCATIONAL AND RELIGIOUS LIFE................................................46 CHAPTER IX.......................................................................66 HISTORY OF RIDGEWAY...........................................................66 CHAPTER X........................................................................72 BIRDS OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY.....................................................72 WILD ANIMALS IN FAIRFIELD COUNTY..............................................72 CHAPTER XI.......................................................................73 HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD..........................................................73 CHAPTER XII......................................................................81 JACOB HUDSON, TEACHER.........................................................81 CHAPTER XIII.....................................................................85 CHARACTER SKETCHES OF WINNSBORO...............................................85 CHAPTER XIV......................................................................89 COUNTY OFFICERS...............................................................89 CHAPTER XV.......................................................................95 FAIRFIELD IN THE WARS.........................................................95 CHAPTER XVI.....................................................................113 MANEUVERS OF GENERAL GREENE’S ARMY IN FAIRFIELD COUNTY IN 1781...............113 CHAPTER XVII....................................................................117 REVOLUTIONARY WAR............................................................117 CHAPTER XVIII...................................................................118 SHERMAN’S ARMY IN FAIRFIELD..................................................118 CHAPTER XIX.....................................................................123 HEADS OF FAMILIES, FIRST CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES TAKEN IN THE YEAR 1790. .123 CHAPTER XX......................................................................129 LOCAL CENSUS 1829............................................................129 APPENDIX........................................................................181 STATISTICS OF SOUTH CAROLINA.................................................181 Page 3 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 INTRODUCTION To my beloved friend, Dr. Yates Snowden, I owe the suggestion of trying to write a history of Fairfield. For many years before his death in 1933 he was constantly urging me to what he termed my magnum opus, and he was constantly sending me suggestions and data, but to his regret, he never saw me prosecute the work. It was only in 1941, when I retired from active business that I undertook the work, and following a suggestion more than once made by my father, to become thoroughly familiar with my subject before attempting final writing, so for the year, 1941, I did much research work, and weekly published an account of my findings in The News and Herald, Winnsboro. Then when I had about finished my needed accumulations and was ready to begin writing the call came to serve on the rationing board for Richland County. For about ten months this was grueling work, and then when the work was well organized, and only five hours a day were needed from me, I found that my mind did not readily pick up the threads I had dropped January, 1942. I have received great assistance from Col. Richard H. McMaster, U. S. Army, retired, from Dr. Chapman J. Milling, from Mr. A. S. Salley, Secretary of the Historical Commission, from Mr. F. M. Hutson and others of that office, Dr. Robert L. Meriwether, indefatigable Secretary of the South Caroliniana Society, and author of “The Expansion of South Carolina, 17291765,” from Mrs. Sara Chappell McBryde of Winthrop College, Mrs. B. H. Rosson of Shelton, Mrs. W. Herbert Ruff of Ridgeway, each of whom have given me much of their time and labor, and to others who have been generous in slightly less degree; Mrs. J. R. Carson of Chester, Mrs. B. D. Crowder of Blairs, Mrs. R. C. Gooding of Winnsboro, Mrs. E. RB. Lucas of Williamsburg, Virginia, K. H. Patrick of White Oak, S. D. Dunn, and W. D. Douglas of Winnsboro, A. Fletcher Ruff of Columbia, and to my dear friend R. A. Meares who has given his kindly criticisms after being subjected to the reading of much of the matter herein. To my dear and devoted wife, Mrs. Elizabeth W. McMaster, I owe much for her excellent judgment and her laborious copying of tedious and difficult manuscripts. To these and all others who have aided me IT am sincerely grateful. Fitz Hugh McMaster. Columbia, 1943. Page 4 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 FAIRFIELD’S HILLS In Fairfield’s hills Arbutus grow, Beneath the leaves, ’Neath the snow. In Fairfield’s hills The goldenrod Lifts its burnished Face to God. In Fairfield’s hills Wild violets bring The first glad message Of the Spring. * * * To Fairfield’s hills My forebears came, Carved on the wilderness A name. In Fairfield’s hills My sires sleep, Where birds and flowers A vigil keep. — By Etta Allen Rosson Page 5 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 CHAPTER I BEFORE THE WHITE MEN CAME By Dr. J. Chapman Milling* The Indians were, of course, the first settlers of Fairfield. The date of their arrival cannot be fixed, and is of relative unimportance herein. Of more interest is the matter of what tribe or tribes occupied this territory. All the evidence points to the occupancy of Siouan tribes, although the Cherokee Nation also ’ laid claim to the country as part of their hunting ground, and it was in addition traversed by war parties of Shawnee, Tuscarora, Chickasaw and the Mohawk, Seneca and other tribes of the Six Nations. The country east of the Santee River was the early home of the Catawba and their allied tribes, including Wateree, Congaree, Peedee, Sara or Cheraw, Santee, Waccamaw, Winyah, Kadapau, Sugaree, and in North Carolina the Eno, Shakoree, Keyauwee, Saxapahaw, Cape Fear and others. The Sewee and portions of the Santee and Congaree seem to have been the only Siouan tribes living west of the Santee during the period of English settlement, although Swanton and other ethnologists have shown that at an earlier date several Siouan tribes dwelt farther west, the Cheraw being described by Spanish explorers under the name of Xuala as inhabiting the country near the headwaters of the Savannah, a section later occupied by the Lower Cherokee.1 Fairfield itself was not, of course, occupied by all of the above tribes, but was the common hunting ground of many of them, since they were all in alliance, forming a loose confederacy of which the Catawba were the head. In fact, after the Yamassee War the majority of the Eastern Sioux united with the Catawba as an organic part of that nation and soon became indistinguishable from it in language or tradition. As a part of the Catawba hunting ground, Fairfield thus became the common property of the Siouan tribes of the East. That it was in actual use as a homeland for more than one tribe is attested by the thousands of arrow points and pot shards to be found in all sections of the county. Within historic times there do not seem to have been any Catawba towns within the present limits of the county, but it is almost certain that the Wateree made use of a portion after the Yamassee War and before their final incorporation with the Catawba. Arrow points found throughout the county, but especially toward the Wateree River, are of the types prevalent among the Siouan tribes. One especially characteristic type is a finely clipped flint point with the edges turned parallel to one another in cross section, somewhat like the blade of an airplane propeller, designed, probably, to cause the arrow to strike with a twisting motion. One other small tribe must be mentioned. In the Fairfield District map in Mills’ Atlas is a “Natchie Old Field,” located near the headwaters of Little Cedar Creek. This probably represents the first Natchez settlement in South Carolina. The Natchez (mis-spelled “Notchee” in early South Carolina records) were a Mississippi River tribe who revolted in 1729 and massacred the French traders living among them. They were punished and dispersed by the French and Choctaw, and subsequently fled in broken bands to the Cherokee, Chickasaw and Catawba Nations for refuge. One band which reached South Carolina settled near Four Hole Swamp, another among the Catawba. Whether or not these were both parts of the band settling in Fairfield is not known. The “Notchee” are mentioned by Governor James Glen as among the Page 6 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 “settlement” Indians dependent for support on the South Carolina Government. Most of them must have eventually joined the Catawba.2 It has been frequently stated that Fairfield was included in the territory ceded by the Cherokee Nation in the treaty of 1755. There is, of course, no evidence that any Cherokee towns were ever located in Fairfield District. Indian boundaries were, however, very uncertain. The Cherokee Nation laid claim to territory as far east as the Catawba River, and no doubt felt free to cede such territory, even though actually occupied by other Indians. What seems certain is that both the Catawba and their allies, on the one hand, and the Cherokee, on the other used the lands between the Broad and the Catawba as common hunting ground, both nations claiming exclusive rights of ownership. The Catawba claim, however, being based upon the right of actual occupancy—nearly all their towns being west of the Catawba River— was the more valid claim. Further evidence lies in the original name of Broad River, Eswa Huppiday, literally “line river,” the line being the boundary between the Catawba and Cherokee Nations.3 The story of the Catawba having come from Canada within historic times must be regarded as a myth, although like most myths it may possibly contain elements of truth. Mooney notes that the tribe was located on the river of its name in Spanish times. The explorer, John Lederer, described them under the name of Ushery in 1670, a century later. All the evidence at hand points to a long occupancy. Nevertheless, their linguistic connection, with the Dakotah and other Western tribes may indicate an early homeland nearer the center of the continent.4 In the great Indian census of 1715, completed just prior to the outbreak of the Yamassee War, the Catawba are credited with a total population of 1470, including 570 men and 900 women and children. In 1746 Governor Glen estimated their military strength at 300 fighting men. In 1802 Governor Drayton gave them a total of 200 families, with but 60 men and in 1826 Robert Mills said they had left but 110 persons comprising only thirty families. Mill’s statement that they originally had 1500 fighting men refers to their period of greatest numerical strength, but is deceptive for the reason that this figure covers the period just after the Yamassee War, when nearly all the weaker Siouan tribes had incorporated with them.5 It is doubtful if the Catawba proper ever had more than six hundred warriors. But, if Governor Glen’s opinion be accepted, the Catawba, even when reduced by warfare and disease, were a formidable tribe. He repeatedly calls them “the bravest fellows on the continent of America,” and it is evident from a study of his reports that they were always his favorites.6 No nobler or more tragic figure can be found among the picturesque annals of the American Indian than that of King Haigler, intrepid in battle, wise in council, loyal in friendship, yearning over the deterioration of his people. The Catawba of today are but a fragment of the great tribe which once roamed over the hills and valleys of Fairfield and adjacent counties. They number about 217 souls, of whom but few approach the full blood. Their remarkable pottery is about the only genuine culture trait which is a heritage of their past. Before closing this account of the aborigines, a brief account of their culture must be given. From the earliest English contacts the Siouan tribes, described under the family name of Esaw of Essaugh (from the Catawba iswa, meaning river), were described as being more primitive than their neighbors to the south and west. While they certainly practiced agriculture they had not advanced in that respect as far as had either the Creeks or Cherokee. Their houses were of simpler design and Page 7 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 their habits more nomadic. Nearly always their towns were situated along the larger streams, as may be noted today in the names of the rivers where once they dwelt. Their principal type of house was the true wigwam, a dome-shaped structure of bark or thatch supported by a framework of interlaced poles fixed in the ground in a circular or oval arrangement. Their chiefs possessed almost unlimited power, even, it is said, that of life and death over their subjects. Polygamy was practiced, at least by the chiefs and weathier men. As in all the Southeastern tribes, shamanism was a prominent feature of the tribal culture. They were great hunters and tireless on the war path. As might be expected of hunting tribes, their workmanship in stone artifacts was of a high grade. Catawba arrow points, flint knives and other implements are among the finest east of the Mississippi. Pottery was of a high type similar to the examples still produced by the Catawba of today. Unlike Cherokee pottery, it depended for decoration upon blended shading rather than incised or stamped decoration. Ceremonial dancing, severe adolescent rites, distinctive mortuary customs and universal hospitality characterized the culture of the Siouan tribes. Although cruel and revengeful in war they were a friendly, generous hearted people when unmolested. The stranger never went hungry in a Catawba cabin.7 In every war in which South Carolina has been involved, with the exception of the Yamassee struggle of 1715, the Catawba have been loyal to the people who succeeded to their domain. Lacking their scouts it is doubtful if the frontiersmen could have defeated the powerful Cherokee without many more years of severe effort. In the Revolution their warriors were present at the Battle of Fort Moultrie and served in many another engagement. In the War Between the States their depleted band sent no less than seventeen men to the Confederate service. The Catawba and their allied tribes are represented today (1942) by the small group in York County and a smaller band near Sandford, Colorado and Cedar City, Utah. Their children are being educated in the white man’s way, and as a tribe of painted warriors they are little more than a memory—but it is an honored memory. Page 8 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 FOOTNOTES * Dr. Chapman J. Milling one of the brilliant and most versatile men of his day in South Carolina is a successful physician in Columbia. A delightful conversationalist and raconteur, he is notable as an author and reviewer of books. His “Red Carolinians” is the most authoritative and readable book on the Indians of South Carolina ever written. His “Singing Arrows” is a charming little volume of verse drawn from Indian Lore. And his “Exile without an End” is an entertainingly written and definitive story of the Acadians. Dr. Milling was born in Darlington, S. C. in 1901. 1 Milling, Chapman Jr., Red Carolinians, p. 219. 2 Red Carolinians, pp. 227-228, 228n, 240, 240n. 3 S. C. Historical and Genealogical Magazine, Vol. X, N. 1, pp. 54-68; Red Carolinians, 231-232. 4 Ibid, pp. 231; Wissler, Clark, The American Indian, p. 322; Mooney, James, Stouan Tribes of the East, p. 69. 5 S. C. Records in British Public Record Office, Vol. VII, pp. 238-239; Ibid, Vol. XXIII, p 75; Red Carolinians, pp. 193, 254; Mills, Robert, Statistics of South Carolina, p. 773. 6 Red Carolinians, pp. 238, 248n. 7 Red Carolinians, pp. 31-34; 203f. Page 9 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Chapter II THE ORIGIN OF THE WHITE SETTLEMENT OF SOUTH CAROLINA Charles II, of England, on March 24, 1663, granted to eight noblemen the province of Carolina, which was what is now North and South Carolina extended on parallel lines from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans. Subsequent grants and limitations of boundaries made what is now South Carolina. The eight grantees were the Earl of Clarendon, the Duke of Albermarle, the Earl of Craven, Lord John Berkeley, Sir Anthony Ashley-Cooper, Sir George Cartaret, Sir William Berkeley, and Sir John Colleton. Clarendon, Berkeley, and Colleton counties in South Carolina so got their names. Once there was a Craven county, on the Santee river, north of Berkeley, and a Cape Cartaret now Cape Romain on the South Carolina Coast. Albermarle Sound, off North Carolina has its name from the Duke, Lord Proprietor, of that name. Charleston was settled in 1670, and by 1729, when the Proprietary government ceased, and South Carolina became a Royal colony, the settlements in South Carolina were “a squat triangle * * * the base of which was the coast between Winyah Bay, and Port Royal Sound, its apex the bend of the Santee river, 50 miles inland, its white population 10,000 and its slaves twice that number.” ? What is now Fairfield County at this time, 1729, was untouched by Europen civilization except for a trading path which ran along its eastern rim, beside the Wateree-Catawba River, an extension of the trading path from Charleston and the Congarees to the Catawba Indian settlement in what is now the upper part of York County. Apparently there were no Indian settlements in the county then. It was considered Catawba territory, with Broad River the dividing line between them and the Cherokees, on the west, and Wateree-Catawba River on the east, between them and several small tribes. There is no strain upon the imagination to see it as a very fair land, its hill sides and level lands covered with a lush growth of wild pea, its valleys covered with canes, its great forests of 1 Expansion of South Carolina map 1, p. 3. ORIGIN OF THE Wuite SETTLEMENT 11 white, black, red and other varieties of oak, great poplars and pines and several varieties of hickories, while wild grapes, persimmons, crab apples and other wild fruits abounded, and supplied abundant food for the wild game which was abundant. Mark Catesby, the great English naturalist, who spent about four years, 1722-1726, in South Carolina, and who went from Charleston to Fort Moore, opposite what is now Augusta, Ga., and who traveled northward towards the mountains from there, gave a description which may have been applied to what is now Fairfield. He said: “These rugged hills burdened with grass six feet high; * * * these valleys are replenished with brooks and rivulets of clear water, whose banks are covered with spacious tracts of canes, which retaining their leaves the year round are excellent food for horses and cattle, and are a great benefit, particularly to Indian traders, whose caravans travel these uninhabited countries; to these shady thickets of canes (in Page 10 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 sultry weather) resort numerous herds of buffaloes, where solacing in these limpid streams they enjoy a cool and secret retreat.” The first settlement in Fairfield is told by Logan: “In 1740, Nightingale, the maternal grandfather of the late J udge William Johnston, established a ranch or cow-pen six miles from the present site of Winnsboro, at a spot afterwards owned on Little Cedar Creek by the lamented General Strother. A man by the name of Howell, from the Congaree, soon after, formed a similar establishment at a place called Winn’s bridge on Little River.” He adds, “The spot owned by General Strother is now the property of Samuel Jackson. Winn’s bridge is now called Bell’s bridge, and is on Little River near the present residence of Mrs. James Lemmon. It was near this spot that the last elk found in Fairfield District was killed by one of the early settlers, Mr. Robert Newton. Mr. Newton presented one of the hams and the magnificient antlers of the slain animal to Capt. John Pearson, who like a true Englishman ate the ham, and sent the antlers to a museum in England.” LOGAN GIVES THIS DESCRIPTION OF A COW-PEN “A cow-pen was quite an important institution. It was usually officered by a superintendent and a corps of sub-agents—all active men, experienced woodsmen, and unfailing shots at long or short sight with the rifle. For these a hamlet of cabins was erected beside the large enclosures for the stock, all of which, with a considerable plot of cleared land in the vicinity for the cultivation of corn, made quite an opening in the woods; and when all were at home, and the cattle in the pens, presented a very noisy, civilized scene in the midst of the savage wilderness. These rude establishments became afterward, wherever they were found, the centers of settlements, founded by the cultivators of the soil, who followed just behind the cow-drivers in their enterprising search for unappropriated productive lands.” This first citizen of Fairfield, Nightingale, was no ordinary man. McCrady tells of his building the New Market race course near Charleston, and says, “races took place on it for the first time, 19th of February, 1760, under the proprietorship of Thomas Nightingale—a Yorkshireman by birth, the same we have mentioned in a previous chapter as establishing a cow-pen, or ranch, near what is now Winnsboro. “The principal breeders of racehorses appear to have been Thomas Nightingale, Daniel Ravenel, Edward and Nicholas Harleston, Francis Hugh, and William Middleton. * * * The first race which produced any unusual excitement was a match, January 31, 1769, between Mr. William Henry Drayton’s horse, Adolphus, bred in Carolina, and Mr. Thomas Nightingale’s imported horse, Shadow,—four mile heats, over the New Market course. The imported horse, which was one bred in England by Lord Northumberland, beat the Carolina colt easily; and after winning the match, challenged without acceptance, any horse in the province.” It is difficult to tell the settlers in the order in which they came to Fairfield. A few seem to have come from Charleston, at an early date, but the majority of the first settlers came from Virginia, Pennsylvania, and other northern colonies. Later, immediately before the Revolutionary war, and after, particularly, beginning with about 1820 and ending with the beginning of the Confederate war a number of South Carolinians from the lowcountry came to Fairfield. IXeeping in mind that all records of land titles were made in Charleston previous to 1785, and the dreadful journey from Fairfield to Charleston, it is not surprising that sometimes eight or ten years passed between settlement and Page 11 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 recording. Consideration of this must be given in connection with all dates from documents. The same name for two different places in the old records are confusing. There is the Little River in Fairfield, and ORIGIN OF THE WHITE SETTLEMENT 13 the Little River on the west side of Saluda River. There is a Wateree Creek in Fairfield flowing into the Wateree River, and there is a Wateree Creek flowing into the west side of Broad River. There are several Cedar Creeks, and so it goes, making it extremely difficult to locate today places from old records. EARLY SETTLERS Dr. Meriwether gives the names of a number of early settlers in Fairfield, who have not been mentioned elsewhere. Quotation is made directly from “The Early Expansion of South Carolina :” ‘“Purmont Carey and John Hughes, former companion-in-arms in one of the independent companies, now chose to be neighbors, settling themselves at the mouth of Little River, while Daniel Rees a blacksmith from Pennslyvania, obtained a warrant for 800 acres and settled higher up on the same stream. Likewise there came to this river during the “fifties Solomon McGraw, Richard Spencer, and James Leslie, former settlers on Raiford’s Creek, and James Andrews who had been for some years in the province. Near Wilkinson’s Creek, a few miles above, Thomas Conoway of Virginia, who declared he had been living on the Northside of the Broad for four years, and Conrad Alder, who had two slaves, and said he had long been a resident of the colony, had tracts surveyed on warrants issued in 1749. Two Pennsylvanians, Thomas Owen and Lawrence F ree, and Free’s “former acquaintance” Jacob Canomore, in 17 d2, petitioned for land on the creek. Three years later Owen had a tract with a mill on it surveyed adjoining his land. Here settled Ann Hancock, after being barbarously treated by her husband in Virginia, and finally deserted by him.” Turning now to Mills statement about the Lyles and Kirkland settlements of “about 1745” the earliest record is a Memorial of 23rd March, 1764, of Ann Liles (sic) of two tracts of 100 acres each, originally granted to and “by him and his wife Anne Margaret, conveyed by lease and release on the 2nd and 3rd days of April, 1755 to Ephraim Liles, since deceased, without will, therefore his widow, Ann Liles, on behalf of herself and her children.” There is likewise a memorial, dated December 19, 1769, by Arromanus Liles, reciting that he is the oldest son of Ephraim Liles, and asking that the two pieces be now accredited to him. 14 Hisrory or FarrFietp Country He had doubtless become of age, since 1764. In this he recites that one of these tracts is bounded on the northwest by lands of Ann Leyther. So far as Col. John Lyles, mentioned by Mills, is concerned, the earliest record shows that he was granted 300 acres on the southwest side of Broad River, (Newberry County) May 12, 1763. He has two other tracts, one of 350 acres and one of 500 acres granted him September 8, 1773, and November 24, 1774, respectively, both “between the Broad and Saludy (sic) Rivers, southwest side of Broad River,” which puts him in Newberry, not Fairfield County Page 12 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 The first mention of Richard Kirkland is when 350 acres are laid out for him “on the Wateree River, foot of Wateree Creek,” “by George Hunter, His majesty’s surveyor,” under a precept dated May 5, 1752, but the survey was not made until July 27, 1753, nearly a, year after the order had been issued. And there seem to have been earlier settlers for his lands are bounded, in part, by those of Richard Greggrie (Gregory), and Joseph Cates. Richard and Joseph Kirkland had come to Camden about 1752 with a group of Quakers, “companion settlers, though not members of the sect.” Of those mentioned by Dr. Meriwether, Purmont Carey had 100 acres in the forks of Broad and Little Rivers, order for survey, 1749, not surveyed until 1756, bounded in part by lands of John Hughes, 1749; Daniel Rees had 300 acres, 1749-50; James Andrews, 150 acres, 1752; Thomas Owen, 250 acres, 1752; Lawrence Free, 400 acres, 1752. George Strother and John Fairchild made the surveys. It appears from the records that Richard Gregory, whose name has been entered by some clerk as Greggrie, had 278 acres laid out for him on Wateree Creek, south of Wateree River, 1748-49, survey by John Liviston. About the same time Richard Spencer had 400 acres on Little River, north side of Broad, 1749, survey by John Pearson. William Hart gets 150 acres on Beaver Dam Creek, May 6, 1754, Jacob Free, 200 acres northeast side of “Broad River on a branch called Beaver Creek, Oct. 3, 1755, surveyed by John Hamilton. Joseph Cates has 400 acres on Wateree Creek, 1749- 50. His plat shows “paths” to John Cates, and one to John Mitchell, and one to John Stubb. Solomon McGraw has 100 acres on Broad River June 2, 1752. Michael Miller has 200 acres on Broad River, “on branch called Beaver ORIGIN OF THE Wutite SEerrLeMENt 15 Creek,” survey by John Hamilton, October 3, 1755. Moses Kirkland, 100 acres on Wateree Creek, 1753. He has 3743 acres in different tracts in several other districts than Fairfield. His survey was made by John Hamilton, and the plat shows a path to another tract of his. He is bounded by Frederick Pines who has 100 acres on Wateree Creek, 1753. Ann Lyther whose lands bounds the Liles grant, has 100 acres on Broad River, and Beaver Creek, 1752-53. There are several paths marked on her plat, one to Sanford, one to Catawbas, and a horse path. A house is marked in the middle of her plat. John Pearson surveyed her land. The earliest record of Thomas Woodward is 200 acres on Broad River, May 1, 1761, 50 acres on Cedar Creek, north side of Broad River, Dec. 7, 1763, 200 acres same location Feb. 28, 1765, surveyed by John Winn; 1644 acres on Cedar Creek, 1771, of which 1494 came from Isaac Porcher who had gotten them in 1770 and 1771 by agreeing to pay a quit rent, two years after date, of three shillings sterling, or four shillings proclamation money per 100 acres. He sold them to Thomas Woodward. There is one tract of 100 acres to Thomas Woodward, on Austin’s Mill Creek in 1772, and 400 acres on Mill Creek in 1775. John Gibson has 100 acres on the south side of Wateree River on Wateree Creek, Feb. 28, 1765, survey by John Winn. The Mobberly-s (Mobley), Edward, John, Samuel, William, Clement, Eleazer, and Benjamin, are found with many grants recorded from 1769 to 1775, but probably settled ten or more years before the recording dates. Probably there was much more but roughly calculated these amount to about 4,000 acres. There are on record in the Index to Memorials in the office of the Historical Commission six grants of land to John Waggoner with a total of 800 acres from May, Page 13 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 1764 to December, 1774. It is probable that “Waggoner” was a misspelling, and that this John was the same who had 100 acres, for which the survey made Oct. 12, 1770. This was on Reedy Branch, of Broad River, and it has been satisfactorily determined that this was the Hans Wagner, who came into Fairfield with the Mobleys and Beam families. He had adopted the English John for the Dutch J ohan, of which Hans was an abbreviation. In the Mobley surveys mention is made of boundaries on lands of Job Meadows, William Phillips, William Harth, Jacob Free, John Wagener, Albert Beam, William Coleman, and some of the surveys seem to have been made by James Wagner, the signature being unmistakable. Albert Beam has 100 acres on Reedy Creek, branch of Beaver Creek, March 27, 1773, also 50 acres Dec. 1, 1772, probably settled long before this. Ezekiel Beam has a warrant for 100 acres on branch of Mill Creek May 3, 1768. John Philips, who during the Revolution was a Colonel in the British army, had 2,050 acres in several grants from 1761 to 1774. All of these were not in Fairfield. John Winn and Joseph Gledney were surveyors for some of these. John Marpole and James Rutland had grants on Little River, in 1764 and 1766. Joseph Owens has 100 acres on the head of Jackson Creek, 1768. John Winn has nine grants, not all in Fairfield, to 2,481 acres, the first being in 1769 and the last in 1775. Richard Winn was surveyor of some of these. It is possible that one of these to John Winn, in Berkeley County was another man than the one for whom Winnsboro is named. Minor Winn has 800 acres in 1773. While there are no grants to Richard Winn before the Revolution there are 8, 316 acres in a number of tracts granted to him for $10.00 a hundred acres from 1784 to 1808. These are in several parts of the State. Of course no effort is made to cover all grants in the county, and those given are more or less fortuitous. In the office of the register of mesne conveyance in Charleston, book V-V 268, there is a conveyance April 5, 1759 (32nd year of. the reign of George II) of 100 acres by Solomon McGraw, planter, and his wife Anne, to James Leslie, blacksmith, the land being on the west side of Little River. The witnesses are John Gibson and Elizabeth McGraw. In the same office there are several grants to Samuel Mobberly, (Mobley) yeoman, one of 100 acres by Thomas Meddor, book C-4, 201. This is on Beaver Creek, north side of Broad River in 1770, and two in 1772, by John Waggoner (Hans Wagner), miller, 150 acres on Little River, bounded by lands of William Alls, and Richard Spencer, witnessed by Selah Delashmet, book C-4-205, and another by John Waggoner, book C-4, 210, the witnesses being Selah Delashmet and John Halsey, sworn to before Richard Winn. There are doubtless scores of other such transfers, and these are given to indicate the activity in real estate immediately before the Revolution, and following the influx from Virgina and upper colonies following Braddock’s defeat in 1755. ORIGIN oF THE Wuits SETTLEMENT 17 Two years before, at a conference in Charleston beginning July 4, 1753, negotiations were had with the Creeks and Cherokees, whereby in the fall of that year a large area was purchased and a fort erected at Keowee. Fairfield, Chester and Richland are sometimes stated to have been included in this purchase, but that does not seem likely as Fairfield and Chester were under Catawba Indian control, and the Catawbas had been limited to a reservation of 15 square miles in what is now the upper part of York County, by a treaty made at Augusta, Ga., 1763, and Page 14 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 attended by a large number of Indians and representatives of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. Fairfield was practically free from Indian troubles, and the killing of Ephraim Lyles and others of his family at a date before this, is now generally accepted to have been done by white men, disguised as Indians on account of a dispute as to lands in North Carolina claimed by Lyles. But while Fairfield was free from Indian troubles it has troubles in company with the whole up-country because of its distance from Charleston, the capital of the colony, and the place of sittings for all courts, While orderly settlers had come following the defeat of Braddock, disorderly soldiers of fortune came upon the ending of the French and Indian wars in 1758. Soon the settlers in the up-country were the prey of organized bands of robbers and horse thieves, and law officers were in Charleston,, 150 miles away. “In the absence of courts of justice within their reach the inhabitants of this section found it necessary to form an association, which was called Regulation, and the persons composing it called Regulators.” (McCrady, p. 594). By reference to the plat books in the office of the Secretary of State, in Columbia, it will be seen that Moses Kirkland owned 3,843 acres of land in ten grants, scattered over the colony, 1,000 being in Ninety-six district, 942 in Berkeley, 500 in Saxe-Gotha, others elsewhere and one of 100 acres being in Fairfield, (book 3, p. 417) on Wateree Creek. Evidently he was an energetic, enterprising man. He became a leading “Regulator,” others being Thomas Woodward and Barnaby Pope, the latter being in Newberry. Pope does not appear to have had lands in Fairfield, his grants generally being west of Broad River, on the Saluda. The situation was complex, and readily misunderstood by the several actors. The provincial government centered in Charleston, was subject to the Royal government in London, which had granted rights, (fees for legal acts, etc.) when there was no contemplation of settlements detached from the coast and 150 to 200 miles inland. So it is not surprising that those whom McCrady describes as “sturdy and honest back settlers,” should set up “regulators” to deal with “the scum of the population of Europe, which the disbandment of the armies of France and England upon the Peace of Paris in 1763 had turned loose upon the frontiers of America.” Nor that the Governor of the Province, hearing of the floggings, and hangings by the regulators, without court proceedings, should call upon the legislature to consider means of “suppressing the regulators.” One might smile now at the affidavit of John Wood, a deputy, sent to serve processes on Moses Kirkland, Thomas Sumter and William Scott, that “he was overtaken by five armed men, who jerked him from his horse, disarmed him, tied his hands, then lifted him on his horse, and tied his feet under the horse’s belly, and so taking him to the house of one Frazer, beating him all the way as they went; there they had chained him to a post, and kept him until July 2, when he was removed to the house of one Barnaby Pope, and thence to the house of Thomas Woodward,” etc. “He stated that Kirkland, Woodward, and Pope were the ringleaders, and swore they would not allow the service of any process of the Provost Marshal in that section.” (p. 634). It is easy to understand why McCrady should say that the Provost Marshall should prefer to remain in London and have warrants served by a deputy, than come “to Carolina to serve writs, especially if in so doing he would have to encounter such characters as Moses Kirkland, Barnaby Pope, and Thomas Woodward.” (p. 627-8). Page 15 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 By proclamation August 6, 1768, George III, pardoned about 75 regulators, among whom was Barnaby Pope, the list is to be found in Book P.P., 1771-1774, p. 46, in the office of the Historical Commission. It is very evident that the General Assembly in Charleston was anxious to do whatever it could for the relief of the upcountry settlers, and willingly taxed themselves heavily to buy the rights of royal officers to fees, and secure the Royal assent to the establishment of courts in Orangeburg, Camden, Cheraw, ORIGIN OF THE WHITE SETTLEMENT 19 Ninety-Six, Beaufort, and Georgetown as well as in Charleston, (p. 682-3), This in a large measure gave relief to the up-country, and the oncoming of the Revolutionary war put an end temporarily to the progress of local government. Page 16 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 CHAPTER III LOYALISTS IN REVOLUTION What has been described by VanTyne, in “Loyalists in the American Revolution” as a “tragedy rarely equalled in the history of the world * * * the persecution by the Whigs, during a long and fratracidal war” of the Loyalist or Tory party, and “the banishment or death of 100,000 of these most conservative and respectable Americans” played little part in the History of Fairfield. So far as is known there were only two prominent Loyaltists or Tories, one Col. John Phillips, whom Pearson describes as having had an unaccountable influence over Cornwallis, and in the beneficient exercise of that influencé he obtained the pardon for all the Whigs (70-odd) condemned to death at the drum-head court whilst his Lordship oecupied Winnsboro..” Howe’s History of Presbyterian Church, Vol. I, p. 502. The following is taken from an anonymous article in The News and Herald of Winnsboro, February 29, 1940, “Upon retirement of the British from Winnsboro, Phillips was left in command of the Tories. The next year he was taken a prisoner to Camden, and condemned to the gallows. The Whigs of Fairfield, almost without exception, united in a petition for his life, and secured the commutation of his sentence to banishment. Colonel Phillips returned to Great Britain after the war, was said to have been an intimate of Lords Cornwallis and Rawdon there, and to have held an office under the crown. The other was Capt. James Phillips, brother of Colonel John. He returned to Winnsboro after the war, and was not received at first by his wife and relatives. As passions died he was restored to the esteem of family and friends, who realized that he had been conscientious in opposing rebellion to his sovereign. He is said to have been a crony of Col. Richard Winn and Capt. Hugh Milling, with whom he frequently discussed the war as seen from opposing sides. There must have been other Loyalists in Fairfield, but unfortunately their memories have not been kept alive. From all of the colonies some 60,000 Loyalists moved to Nova Scotia and Canada, where 3,000.00 acres of land were given them and $9,000,000 spent in getting them settled. The British Government, after the war, paid $19,000,000 in settlement of claims for Loyatist In Revo,vuTion 21 losses of 2,560 Loyalists, of whom 321 were from South Carolina, second only to New York where there were 941, with 140 from Virginia, 135 from North Carolina and Georgia 129. (VanTyne, p. 300). William Wragg, whom McCrady and Snowden agree was one of South Carolina’s greatest men and heroes, was a Loyalist and gave up his all and left the land he loved, as did William Hutchinson, a native born of Massachusetts, whom John Adams, his political enemy, declared to be the “greatest and best man in the world.” (Snowden, History of South Carolina, Vol. I, p. 319. “Divided Loyalists.” Lewis Einstein, Houghton, Miff. 1933). Col. Thomas Fletchall one of the twelve commanders of regiments, in the colony just before the war began, his command being over what is now Spartanburg, and Cherokee Counties and the upper parts of Laurens and Union was a Loyalist, and so was Moses Kirkland, of Camden District, one of the Regulators, and captain of a troop of rangers, with his whole troop, and others under Colonel Fletchall making up 1,500 men, all signed an agreement to support the King. (Snowden, p. 320-321). Page 17 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 The property of Colonel Fletchall and Moses Kirkland was confiscated, and it is known that Kirkland fled the country and found protection on a British warship in Charleston Harbor. (Snowden, p. 321). Grants of land recorded in the office of the Secretary of State show that Moses Kirkland had a total of 12,496 acres of land in diffferent parts of South Carolina. From the Winnsboro News and Herald of Febbruary 29, 1940 is taken the folowing account of the stay of Lord Conwallis in Winnsboro, October, 1780-J anuary, 1781: While Cornwallis had his army headquarters in Winnsboro, he was able to get first hand knowledge of the people of Fairfield and adjoining districts. Many of these folks were Presbyterians. Some of their ministers and ruling elders were descendants of Scotch Covenanters who had come to America for conscience sake. Many of these men were well educated. They veritably incarnated the fine old Scotch principles of honesty, industry, piety, and above all, civil and religious liberty. At least one of their preachers is reputed to have carried not only his Bible but also his long barrelled rifle into his pulpit. These men had built their log churches in the backwoods, had often stood guard against the Indians while the congregation worshipped and now they were again doing the same thing against the marauding Tories. The British are said to have considered every Presbyterian church in the district as a center of rebellion and every Presbyterian preacher as an agent of sedition. In dealing with this situation, Cornwallis one day summoned before him the Rev. William Martin, a Covenanter who preached occasionally at the Jackson’s Creek church. He was brought before Lord Cornwallis at Winnsboro. He stood before him erect, with his gray locks uncovered, his eyes fixed on his Lordship and his countenance marked with frankness and benevolence. “You are charged,” says his Lordship, “with preaching rebellion from the pulpit—you, an old man, and a minister of the gospel of peace, with advocating rebellion against your lawful sovereign, King George, the III! What have you to say in your defense?” Nothing daunted, he is reported to have replied: “I am happy to appear before you. For many months I have been held in chains for preaching what I believe to be the truth. As to King George, I owe him nothing but good will. I am not unacquainted with his private character. I was raised in Scotland; educated in its literary and theological schools; was settled in Ireland, where I spent the prime of my days, and emigrated to this country seven years ago. As a King, he was bound to protect his subjects in the enjoyment of their rights. Protection and allegiance go together, and where the one fails, the other cannot be exacted. The Declaration of Independence is but a reiteration of what our covenanting fathers have always maintained. I am thankful you have given me liberty to speak, and will abide your pleasure, whatever it may be.” (Howe’s History Presbyterian Church, Volume I, Page 500.) By many historians the victory of King’s Mountain is considered the final turning point of the Revolution. Cornwallis had good reasons for his encampment in Winnsboro. The Partisans were swarming about the Red Coats like angry hornets. On January 17, 1781, the British met another serious defeat at Cowpens. Continental reinforcements under Green were marching from Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina toward South Carolina. Cornwallis promptly prepared to leave Winnsboro and to march to meet them. But some of the Whigs of Fairfield conceived a plan to ambush and capture him. Lord Cornwallis was accustomed to take a morning and evening ride down the road. Colonel John Winn, his son, Lieut. Minor Winn, and another Whig concealed themselves in a thicket, rifle in hand, inLoyavist In REVOLUTION 23, Page 18 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 tending to cut him off. They were discovered and apprehended by a band of Tories, and were condemned to be hung on a certain day at 12:00 o’clock. Minor Winn took the sentence greatly to heart and sent for the minister, Mr. Martin, to pray with him. He was under guard in the woods. The British soldiers had cut down some of the trees for firewood and had piled up the brush in heaps behind which Minor kneeled in prayer, and was joined by the minister. Their exercises continued with the gallows in full view till the fatal hour. Friends stood listening for the drum and fife as the political prisoners were to be marched to the gallows. Instead of this they were marched to Lord Cornwallis’s headquarters and pardoned. Minor Winn was persuaded that this was an express answer to prayer, and was subsequently often taunted in his days of frolic, with this forced repentance. (Howe’s History of the Presbyterian Church, Vol. I, p. 501). Karly in January, (1781) Cornwallis broke camp in Winnsboro where he had waited since October 29th. Nine months later, on October 19, 1781, he surrendered to Washington at Yorktown. American Independence had been won in spite of the pride and power of King George, III. Mills, page 254, tells how Lord Rawdon, in the summer of 1780 called on the inhabitants in and near Camden to take up arms against their countrymen “and confined in the common jail those that refused. In the midst of the summer, upwards of 160 persons were shut up in one prison; and 20 or 30 of them, though citizens of the most respectable characters, were loaded with irons. Mr. James Bradley, Mr. Strother, Col. Few, Mr. Kershaw, Capt. Boykin, Col. Alexander, Mr. Irvin, Col. Winn, Col. Hunter, and Capt. John Chestnut, were in the number of those who were subject to these indignities.’ ’ *There is a foot note telling that Mr. Strother died in Jail— “he was a decided patriot.” The statement is made by most, if not all, writers on the subject that the up- country was about equally divided between Whigs—Patriots, they afterward were called, and Tories—Loyalists, they were also called. No definite figures are given to substantiate this, but certainly it was that considerable effort was made by the “Rebels” in Charleston to bring the up-countrymen into the fight against King George. In Charleston the mechanics were the first to show a rebellious spirit. They would gather round the liberty tree in Mr Mazyck’s pasture and pass resolutions, and denounce the Royal Government. Christopher Gadsden was the first, and for a time the only man of recognized “standing” in Charleston who joined them. They became very turbulent and riotous before they brought the “upper classes” of Charleston to their view. They stormed the home of Henry Laurens, searched his premises, drank his wine, and trampled his gardens. They defeated Laurens and Pinckney as delegates, etc. A foolish English ministry, ruled by snobbishness soon estranged the colonists and caused the Revolution. Certain it is that in August, 1775, the Committee of Safety in Charleston sent William Henry Drayton, who had become an ardent radical, the Rev. William Tennent, a Presbyterian minister, the third of his name from New Jersey, who was then pastor of the Independent Church in Charleston, Col. Richard Richardson and the Rev. Oliver Hart, a Baptist minister “to make progress through the back-country to explain the causes of the present disputes between Britain and the Colonies, to secure a general union, and they were authorized * * * to call upon the officers of Page 19 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 the militia and rangers for assistance, support and protection.” (Howe, “History of Presbyterian Church in South Carolina, pp. 366,-8-9). To Mr. Tennent individually, it seems, was assigned the territory between the Broad and Catawba Rivers. He is found preaching at Jackson’s Creek Presbyterian Church. And while he indicates “great uneasiness already ‘pervading the section. Captain Woodward’s company of Rangers, of the Western part of Fairfield, all signed the Association, but in the same section about Jackson’s Creek a large number were ‘obstinantly fixed against the procedings of the Colony’ though | proper argument brought them to sign.” (Leah Townsend’s “South Carolina Baptists,” 1670-1805, p. 178). The affray at Mobley’s Meeting House, May 26, 1780 followed soon that at Beckham’s Old Field, in the southeastern part of Chester County, in which the Whigs were led by Col. William Bratton of York, and Capt. John McLure of Chester are noted by McCrady as “the first uprising of the people.” They preceded Musgrove’s Mills, Kings Mountain and Cowpens, which marked the turning point of the war. There is no report of casualties at either of the affrays. A somewhat larger affair, and the only other one generally noted in Fairfield, was in March 1781, when Lord Rawdon, at LoyYAList IN REVOLUTION 25 Camden sent a detachment of New York Volunteers under Captain Grey to attack a body of militia which had gathered on Dutchman’s Creek. This Captain Grey did successfully, killing two captains and 16 privates, and capturing 18 prisoners without the loss of a single man. (McCrady, 1780-1783, p. 126-127). General Greene who was encamped on Sawney’s Creek, and on Colonel’s Creek in the Harrison neighborhood on May 9 and 10, 1781, after taking Granby he moved up to Ninety-Six where he was May 21. He then came back into Fairfield, crossing Broad River at Fish Dam June 25 and was in Fairfield, north of Winnsboro until July 3, 1781. Quoting from a sketch by Col. Richard H. McMaster, “Johnson, in his Life of Greene, states that the General came to Tim’s Ordinary, 11 miles east of Lyles’ Ford and gave his army two days rest ‘at Big Spring on Rocky Creek, in the present district of Fairfield’.” On July 3, 1781, from the same source it is learned that General Greene was at Cockrell, (White Oak). The name of the one “Continental” or regular army company from Fairfield, commanded by Capt. John Buchanan, and two companies of State Troops, one commanded by Capt. Thomas Woodward, first, and subsequently by Capt. Richard Winn, and the other commanded by Capt. Robert Ellison, are to be found later herein. Page 20 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 CHAPTER IV THE PEOPLE OF FAIRFIELD There has been no other man so qualified to speak of the early history of South Carolina as Col. Edward McCrady, Jr., author of four volumes on South Carolina from 1670 to 1783. In an address delivered at Winnsboro, September 1, 1888, he said: “It is no disparagement of the rest of the troops of the State, in the late (Confederate) war, to say that the Sixth, Twelfth, and Seventeenth Regiments, which were raised mostly from the districts of York, Chester, Lancaster, Fairfield and Kershaw, that constituted the old Camden District at the time of the Revolution, were pre-eminent for their gallantry and soldierly qualities and esprit de corps, nor is this to be wondered at when we recollect that the people of this section, from which these regiments were formed, are, perhaps, the most homogeneous of the State— a people possessing in a marked degree all those qualities which go to make brave men and good soldiers. “This old town of Winnsboro has twice been the headquarters of an invading army, once burned, and twice ravaged by an enemy. * * * In both instances these invasions followed the fall of Charleston, and disaster to our arms elsewhere. * * * “The State of South Carolina was peopled by two distinct tides of imigration. The Englishmen and the Huguenots had come into the province by the sea, and had pushed their way into the interior, following the courses of the rivers. * * * The upper country which lay beyond the Sandy Ridge, once described as a desert, and which we now call the Piedmont section, was settled later by a different class of people. “It was eighty years after the first settlement on the coast, that parties of Scotch-Irish from Pennsylvania and Virginia began to come down to this province—a movement which was greatly accelerated by the defeat of Braddock in 1755, which left the frontiers of those states exposed to the incursions of the Indians. “These new immigrants were a peculiar and remarkable people. They were brave, energetic, and religious. They were frontiersmen who carried the rifle, the axe, and the Bible together. * * * The extent of their instruction, was, no doubt, limited, but the children were taught to speak the truth and to defend it, to keep Tue Propie or FAIRFIELD oF a conscience and to fear God—the foundation of good citizens and great men.” From the earliest settlement there was admixture of Huguenot blood, witness DeLashmette, Gibson, and later DuPie (Peay), Piquette (Pickett), Barrett (Barrette) and others, a few Hollanders, and some pure English, and Scotch, immediately before the Revolutionary war there was a steady stream from the north of Ireland, and this increased after the war. In the 1830 to 1850 there was a considerable addition from the low country of South Carolina. These were largely of Huguenot descent, but had been in South Carolina several generations, witness Porcher, DuBose, Gaillard, Dwight and others, and others were of English descent. Later herein will be found the names of the inhabitants of Fairfield County according to the United States census of 1790, and also the names of those taken in a county census of 1829. Page 21 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Most unsatisfying is the search for reliable data on the population ofthe colony of South Carolina. Mills Statistics, p., 177, beginning with 1670 gives the number as 150. In 1753, provincial census of 30,000, all white. This is about the time of the first settlement of Fairfield. In 1763 he gives, 35,000 white and 70,000 Slaves, total 105,000. In 1765, 38,000 white and 85,000, slaves, total 123,000. The U. S. Census of 1790 gives 140,178 white, 1,801 free Negroes, and 107,094 slaves, total 249,073. The U. 8S. census of 1790 gives Fairfield a total of 7,623, 1,485 slaves, 6,188 whites. Using the foregoing figures, the white population of Fairfield at the beginning of the Revolutionary war at about 1,500 white persons. Population of Fairfield County by U.S. Census Year Total White Negro 1790 7,623 6,188 1,485 1800 10,087 8.119 2.094 1810 ___ 11,857 7,786 4,071 1820 17,174 9.375 7,748 1830 21,546 9.705 11,841 1840 20,165 7,660 12,505 1850 21,404 7,068 14,336 1860 22,111 6,373 15,738 1870 .. 19,888 5,787 14,101 1880 27,165 6,885 20,880 1890 28,599 7,139 21,460 1900 99,425 7,050 229,775 1906 29,917 estimated. 1910 29,449 7,065 22,377 1920* 27,159 6,487 20,672 1930 23,287 7,599 15,690 1940 _. 24,187 9,217 14,970 The study of the population figures of the county that the 200 years (approximately) of its settlement shows it contained the greatest number of white people in 1830, where there were 9,705, a figure not reached in 1940, 110 years after, when there were 9,192. But there is this significant fact that whereas the white population decreased from 9,705 in 1830 to 7,660 in 1840 (due to Nullification, anti-slavery agitation and migration to the new lands of the west), the figure for 1940, shows an increase of 2,627 from 1930. On the other hand the Negro population shows a steady increase from 1790 to 1900, with a heavy decrease from 1920 to 1930 due to very large migration to the Northern manufacturing centers. This migration continued, but with much lessened force, from 1930 to 1940. In contrast with neighboring counties Fairfield shows remarkable differences in Negro population. In 1840 the Negro population of Fairfield was 12,578, of Chester, 7,858, of Kershaw, 8,298, of Richland, 11,071 and of Newberry, 10,142. In 1880, of Fairfield, 20,880; of Chester, 16,517; of Kershaw, 13,642; of Richland, 19,388; and of Newberry, 18,261. Each of the other counties named had a larger white population than Fairfield. In 1860, just before the Confederate war, Fairfield had 15,504 Negroes, Chester, 10,838 ; Kershaw, 7,841; Richland, 11,005; Newberry, 13,695. Since the Confederate War, Fairfield has been the one “black” county in the Piedmont. * Twenty square miles of the county were annexed to Richland County in 1913. The population in this area, 14,269 acres, was estimated to be about 1,500. Page 22 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 CHAPTER V THE SOCIAL LIFE There is a sparkle of romance about the earliest social life in Fairfield which twinkles to this day about 200 years thereafter. Phoebe Lovejoy, the little Quakeress, shot through by Cupid’s bow, incurs the displeasure of William Penn, marries a Mobley, flees to Maryland with her husband, and a descendant was the first of that name in Fairfield, and this descendant had married a DeRuel, a French Huguenot. A later descendant married a daughter of another French Huguenot, Marie DeLashmette, who was the wife of a Hollander, Hans Wagner. This was as early as 1758, some say, 1735, but probably in error. The Mobley branch was pure English. About the same time or a little earlier the Lyles family, English had moved into Fairfield, in the west, a Kirkland, about 1752, had come into the eastern part, and it is said of him that he had 50 brood mares. It is fitting to quote what Dr. Patterson Wardlaw said of Prof. R. Means Davis, native of Fairfield, one time principal of Mt. Zion, and later professor of History at the South Carolina College. Says Dr. Wardlaw; “He (Prof. Davis) was born into and reared in the solid aristocracy of Fairfield, based on sterling worth, with very little toleration for snobbish foolishness. “There are certain favored spots in South Carolina where the sturdiness (stubboness, if you will) of the Scotch-Irish has been tempered by a mingling of the elegance of the English, and the exquisite refinement of the Huguenot, the result being a blend finer than any of its ingredients. Such a spot was Winnsboro with its adjacent territory, which in its earliest settlement had a mingling of the three elements, and which in the second quarter of the 19th century was augmented by additions of English and French from the coast country. “The young Davis grew up with the tastes, the refinement, the ideals, the chivalry of his class, and, inescapably, with some of its prejudices. But there was in him nothing of the snob. Pride of descent meant, with him, no ersatz superiority, to be flaunted in the face of the less fortunate, but, rather, it signified self-respect, opportunity and obligation to render service—noblesse oblige.” In the early part of the 20th century Fairfield was found to be a perfect storehouse of very valuable antique furniture. And dealers have hauled it out by the wagon loads. One piece, its origin being somewhat uncertain, sold for $5,000 being identified by museum experts as an original Chippendale. And one or more pieces bought by dealers from uninformed owners brought as much as $1,000. Some of the furniture were reproductions of Chippendale, Hepplewhite, Sheraton, and other masters, by local craftsmen, who were experts, made so by local demand for the best. All of the fine pieces have not been lost to Fairfield, and many yet are in the hands of descendants as tokens of the culture and taste of their ancestors. It is a dream idyl to go through some of the treasured scrap books in Fairfield and read the appraisals of furniture, when family divisions were to be made. Here is the “French bed room” with its particular type of furniture, or the English bed Page 23 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 room with another type, or the drawing room with its pier or pie crust tables, and what-nots, and the hall with its grandfather’s clock, mahogany hat rack, etc. Here and there is an invitation to the St. Cecilia entertainment, in Charleston, or to the Lafayette ball in Columbia, and such like. These give a glimmer into the gay life and refinement of the people. Bishop Ellison Capers, at the funeral of DuBose Eggleston, a native and long time resident of Winnsboro, having in mind the virtues of the deceased closed the funeral service with the quotation from St. Paul; “and finally brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are of good report; if there be any virtue and if there by any praise, think of these things.” General John Bratton who was at the funeral, said to my father that the quotation appled to Capt. Dick Matchett. And apologizing for close personalities, I dare to say that the same applied to General Bratton, to the Dwight brothers, Captains Moultrie, and Charles, the Elliott brothers, McKinney and Henry Laurens, the McMaster brothers, Col. F. W., George H., Dr. Riley J. and Richard N.; the Means brothers Captain, Edward and Isaac, A. S. Douglas, Col. James H. Rion, Capt. James P. Macfie, the Beaty brothers, Captain James and William C., Major Tom Brice, and others of that family, F. Gerig, and such a host of others as to warrant Tue Scuoo.t Lire 31 saying that Fairfield County had a galaxy of high-minded, brave, pure men in the Confederate war and reconstruction period. Then a like cast followed, J. E. McDonald, Thomas H. Ketchin, T. K. Elliott, R. C. Gooding, T. W. Lauderdale, W. Julian Elliott, Mack Beaty and his brother William A., and scores of others Just as meritorious. In the western part of the county, when such men are mentioned there comes to mind such family names as McMeekin, F easter, Pearson, Yarborough, Chappell, Glenn, Cook,-and others to whom the words of St. Paul quoted by Bishop Capers could apply. The character of homes built, frequently eight and ten room homes, showed that entertainment of friends and relatives was the order of the day. And the character of the furniture, grandfather clocks, mahogany bed-steads, book cases and chests. Other evidences of good refined taste and culture, I think about eight of the original issue of Audubon, at $1,000 coming to South Carolina, and two of them going to Fairfield. Eleven copies of Mills atlas and statistics going to Fairfield. George Washington Ladd, the Virginia portrait painter made his home in Winnsboro, and Schorb, one of the leading daguerotype artists of America made his home in Winnsboro for a few years. General John Bratton was the ranking Confederate war officer from Fairfield. He entered the war as a private, soon became captain of the Fairfield Fencible, then Colonel of the Sixth S. C. V, and brigadier general of a brigade. He might be taken as a typical Fairfield man of before the Confederate war period, quiet, cultured, selfpossessed, well educated, unostentatious, efficient, without fear and without reproach, and not self-seeking. In considering all the elements of life in a county like Fairfield many things must be kept in mind. Page 24 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Suppose Charleston be taken as the summation of culture before the Revolutionary war in America, and one has good reason to assume this, whether the culture was inherited, or as some writers assert, acquired. Charleston was settled beginning with 1670. By 1770 it ranked as the second if not the first largest port in America, only exceeded by Philadelphia. This means that it had many world contacts, was easy of access, and great wealth had accumulated, It may be said that Fairfield was just being settled in 1770. It is doubtful whether there were many more white people in Fairfield county in 1770 than there were in Charleston in 1670. A few adventurous settlers, probably less than 20 had come into the southwestern corner, along the Broad River as early as 1742. By 1760 there was half a dozen scattered centres of settlement in the county, making up a total of possibly two hundred . And how these settlers had come in. And how they had, or did not have, contacts with the outside world! A few had come up along the rivers, Broad and Wateree, from the coast 150 miles away, by wagon or horseback. The others had come from Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, 400 to 500 miles away. These had come also by wagon trains. Compare this with Charleston where it is recorded that in December 1770 there were 75 ships anchored in Charleston harbor. They were from Liverpool, Havana, Baltimore, Barbados, Philadelphia, Antigua, and other ports! At this time John Rutledge, the future governor and “Dictator,” after spending three years in England and Ireland at universities, had been admitted as a barrister in the Middle Temple, and tried and won two cases there, was “a member of the best university in the world,” had gone to the theatre twice every week, had seen Garrick play and heard Pitt speak. He returns home and going from “the City” to the plantation, with his mother, “in a canoe of the luxurious type afforded by the wealthy families”, and six rowers sped them home, “in less than three hours”,- and when they arrived at the plantation, “at the top of the bluff, chattering and bright-eyed were the slaves” to greet them. (Mr. Rutledge of S. C. p. 32). Such was life along the coast. Beaufort, Charleston, Georgetown with ocean borne shipping, and surrounded with innumerable sea-islands on which were many plantations of easy access by sail or row boats, and on broad, deep, placid rivers estuaries of the sea, up which the tide ebbed and flowed 12 to 15 miles, and which by many smaller streams navigable for small craft brought them into contract with hundreds of well manned and managed plantations. Life was easy here, wealth abounded, and there was leisure to cultivate the fine arts. The impulses were almost irresistible to produce a soft and gentle people. Contrast this with the red clay hills of Fairfield, where though there were very fertile lands, the products of labor were less abundant, where social contacts were more difficult, and where Tue Socrat Lire 33 the natural game resources of field and stream were much less varied, and less easy to secure. The tendency here was to produce a more individualistic, independent, and self-reliant type of citizenship, which students have declared to be most desirable in America, perfectly conformable to a democratic mode of life and government. Then and now in Fairfield, the Wateree and Broad were accounted navigable rivers— navigable only to flat bottom boats carrying small loads to float down stream and to be demolished at the end of the journey, the return of goods bought to be made by wagon train. No comprehension may be had today, when paved roads reach in every Page 25 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 dirction, of the difficulties of travel in Fairfield County before the 1840’s when a railroad reached the county. If venture is made now into the most unfrequented parts of the country on unpaved roads in the winter time, some idea of what had to be endured by those living in Fairfield in the early days of its settlement. Think of having to ride horseback from Winnsboro to Charleston, about 150 miles, to attend a meeting of the Mt. Zion Society, and the annual meetings were held in Charleston til 1823. Or to have to go to Court there or have a title recorded. It is of considerable interest to the writer (in 1942, when he was past 75 years old.) that he knew intimately until he was 15 years old, one who had been a little girl of 13 in 1806, who was one of the three children sent by her father to a dancing school held that year in Winnsboro. The contract with the dancing master ran as follows: “We, the subscribers, promise to pay Reuben Blackmore six dollars per half year for scholar annexed to our names to be instructed by said Blackmore in the art of dancing agreeable to the most modern and approved methods, each half year to contain thirteen days and to be made up by teaching two days in every four weeks, beginning at nine o’clock and ending at six each day. The said Blackmore promises to keep good order in his school and to pay due attention to the exterior deportment of his pupils. He will accept one half of the price of tuition in advance, and the other half at the expiration of the half year, Sept. 16th, 1806.” The subscribers and the number of scholars sent by each were as follows: J. H. Durham, 1; S. D. Miller, 1; D. Johnston, 1; D. T. Milling, 1; David Aiken, 1; Samuel Johnston, 6; Caleb Clarke, 1; Creighton Buchanan, 3; John Barkley, 1; John Buchanan, 8; L. D. Anderson, 1; and Peter Winn, 1. Creighton Buchanan was the great grandfather of the writer, and the father of Mrs. Rachel Buchanan McMaster, grandmother, who was born 1793, and died 1888. It is notable that Capt. John Buchanan, brother of Creighton, sent 8 children, and yet he had no children of his own. He was one of the leading citizens of his day, a friend of Lafayette, and so far as known the only member of the Cincinnati in Fairfield. He evidently was a friend and promoter of the fine arts. Another incident of social life is an invitation to a “May Party,” 6th of May, 1853, given in hall of Mount Zion Collegiate Institute, by the Cadets. The managers of this party were Maj. J. H. Rion, Capt. B. McCreight, Capt. P. Adams, Adj. J. Bedon, Lieutenants J. Cunningham, J. Darby, F. Elmore, G. Hall, J. Mobley and R. Means. There is a newspaper account of a tournament in 1868. ‘Twenty knights competed. Major T. W. Woodward awarded the prizes to the victors, who were as follows: Knight of the Pines, Master Palmer Davis (a lad of 12 years) ; Knight of Ravenswood, W. D. Aiken; Knight of Temple, R. M. Davis. Master Palmer Davis bestowed the “Crown of Love and Beauty, on little Maria Gaillard, Misses Belle Taft, Kate Gaillard, and Lou Aiken were the maids of honor. Again March 2nd, 1876 there was another tournament in which 24 knights took part. There is extant no account of the results, but at the “Grand Tournament Ball” in the Thespian hall that evening, the following were the committeemen in charge; G. H. McMaster, T. R. Robertson, D. R. Flenniken, Henry N. Obear, T. H. Ketchin, H. B. Page 26 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 McMaster, W. J. Elliott, M. H. Mobley, W. T. Crawford, T. K. Elliott, W. H. Flenniken, S. Wolfe, T. W. Lauderdale, R. C. Gooding, and W. J. Curry. There were similar tournaments in other sections of the county, notably at Salem Cross roads, and at Champion’s Old Field, near Buckhead in the western section. In the reconstruction period, following the Confederate War, when the white people were not permitted to be members of military organizations, it is likely that tournaments were encouraged in order to maintain excellence in horsemanship. The social life in Fairfield is to be learned from the incidents of individual lives rather than from recorded accounts of public Tue Socrau Lire 35 or private entertainments. Of the latter there is none, until a short time before Confederate War. Fairfield was distinctly a farming county. There was no large centre of population. Winnsboro in 1940 had a population of 3,181; in 1910, 1,754. Ridgeway the next largest town had 408 in 1940, and 370 in 1910. In 1826, Mills says of Winnsboro, “The number of private houses, (some of which are handsome) is about 50. It had a handsome court-house, and jail, an academy, (formerly a college), which is richly endowed and very flourishing; three churches, a masonic hall, and market-house. There were two houses of entertainment, and eight or ten stores.” He adds “There are two other villages in the district, Monticello, which contains the Jefferson academy, * * * Rocky Mount, sometimes called Grimkieville, * * * contains a few houses.” One can well imagine that in such a district social life would be confined to private entertainments, and so far as the records go this was true until a few years before the Confederate War. There has been a saying, more or less an exaggeration, but possibly indicative, that the eastern portion of the county was given over to horse racing and chicken fighting, and the western to churches and schools. There were several race tracks in the county, more in the eastern part than in the western, and there were some fine race horses raised. Possibly there was some cock fighting, but it may be said of this sport that while the cocks may not have been of better class than in later times, the attendants were. Fox hunting was a sport much indulged in in all parts of the county, and there were many excellent packs of hounds, a few of which were the Mobley pack in the north-central, the Woodward pack in the south central, and the Cook pack in the western part of Fairfield. A cultural element in the life of Fairfield for a third of a century in the middle of the 19th century were the dramatic entertainments devised and supervised by Mrs. Catherine Ladd. The sphere of her influence extended from Feasterville, where she taught for several years, and near which she had her home towards the close of her life, to Winnsboro, where immediately before and after the Confederate war she taught, and did much to relieve the monotony of life by musical and dramatic entertainments. Page 27 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 CHAPTER VI AS TO AGRICULTURE So far as available records go, there is nothing to show that Fairfield has been pre-eminent agriculturally as compared to other counties, save that Fairfield, in a manner, ranked with the “black belt”, the coast counties in the number of slaves. The census figures reveal this. In 1860 the slave population was 59% in Fairfield, 35% in Chester, 36% in Kershaw, 38% in Richland, and 49% in Newberry. These figures, in a sense, may be indicative that agriculture was more profitable in Fairfield than in the surrounding counties. But, sad to relate, what was an indication of wealth before the Confederate War, after the war was a deterrent and a source of poverty. Several of the decennial census returns showed that Fairfield was the one “black” county in the Piedmont, and in several census reports, it ranked third in the entire state in high percentage of Negro population. In the subsequent pages will be found the names of the owners of farm lands in excess of $7,000 in value in 1850, and in excess of $10,000 in value in 1860. In the early part of the 19th century there were several agricultural societies in Fairfield. Little information about them is to be had. From bound copies of “The Southern Agriculturist” in the Charleston library, it is learned that William J. Alston made an address before the “Anti-Tariff Agricultural Society of Broad River” in 1830 declaiming against the effects of the tariff. The same year, William Ellison, before the Fairfield Agricultural Society makes a similar address, in which he says also that the prospects for making silk are “flattering”, and in which he urges the cultivation of the vine. In 1841 in this magazine, listing the names of various agricultural societies in South Carolina, gives the names of the “Monticello Planter’s Society,” Hon. William Harper, president, and the “Fairfield Agricultural and Horticultural Society”, Osmund Woodward, president, The first named society seems to have been very active and the titles of several papers read before it are given. Other active members of this society were David Elkins, secretary, William J. Alston, Col. B. F. Davis, W. K. Davis, Robert Hawthorne, B. B. Cook, Jonathan Davis, and John M. Robertson. Ags To AGRICULTURE 37 “There is an account of ‘The Agricultural Convention’ ‘composed of delegates from the agricultural societies of South Carolina’ at Monticello, Fairfield County, J uly 5 and 6, 1843. There the planters discussed curtailing of cotton crop and the increase of provision supply, bread stuffs and stock of all kinds. There were complaints about the selling of cotton, and its weighing.” April 28, 1869, what was probably a reorganization, after the Confederate War, in the Fairfield Herald is an account of a meeting of the Fairfield Agricultural Society, at which the officers elected were: George H. McMaster, president; Thomas W. Woodward, vice-president; J. S. Stewart, secretary; and 8. B. Clowney, treasurer. The delegates elected to the (State) agricultural convention were: H. L. Elliott, T. W. Woodward, W. D. Aiken, N. C. Robertson, R. E. Ellison, J r., Dr. Thomas McKinstry, G. B. McCants, and S. B. Clowney. Page 28 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 The next year, 1870, the officers were: H. C. Davis, president ; Thomas: W. Woodward, vice-president; Thomas W. McKinstry, vice-president; S. B. Clowney, treasurer, W. I. Aiken, secretary ; and H. A. Gaillard, corresponding secretary. September 8, 1869, John Simonton sold to J. H. Cathcart two bales of cotton at 32 cents a pound, and on September 15 Thomas Sessions at Ridgeway sold to R. S. DesPortes one bale at 30 cents a pound. In October, 1869, Dr. Joseph LeConte, in Columbia, is advertising officer to sell cotton seed cake as a fertilizer. In the same issue of the paper Gen. E. P. Alexander is advertising to buy cotton seed within 100 miles of Columbia for the Columbia Oil Company, giving 33 pounds of oil cake for 100 pounds of cotton seed, the company to pay freight on seed and the purchaser, on cake. The directors of the company were: A. B. Sorings, Fort Mill; James Pagan, Chester; Gen. John Bratton, Winnsboro; Gen. Johnson Hagood, Barnwell; Col. William Wallace, and Col. John C. Haskell, Columbia. The earliest historical sketch of Fairfield County is that found in Mills Statistics of 1826, which is published in the appendix. Also in the appendix is the manuscript narrative of Philip Edward Pearson, who is credited with having written the one in Mills Statistics. Mr. Pearson did not have access to a number of records that have in recent years been made available, he consequently made a number of errors. In 1832 Thomas P. Lockwood in Charleston published a Geography of South Carolina, and his account of Fairfield is a condensation from Mills. In 1843, William Gilmore Simms, in Charleston, also published a Geography of South Carolina. He added nothing to Mills’ account. The only towns in the county mentioned by these writers are: Winnsboro, Monticello, and Rocky Mount or Grimkieville. The next account in the South Carolina Handbook of 1883, A. P. Butler, commissioner of agriculture, mentions Winnsboro, 49 stores; Ridgeway, ten stores; Strother’s, 6; Shelton, 5; Blythewood and Woodward each 2; Blair, Buckhead, Gladden’s, Horeb, Long Run, Monticello, and Popular Spring, one store each. Considerable attention is given of the activities in the county. It says that about 18,000 bales of cotton are exported. It gives the population of Winnsboro as 500 in 1840; 355 in 1850; 1,124 in 1860; about the same in 1870. In 1880 about 1,500. The highest point in the county is Ridgeway, 626 feet above sea level, and the lowest at the junction of Little River and Broad River, which is somewhat less than 200 feet, Winnsboro is 525 feet above sea level. In 1924, as bulletin 124, of the University of South Carolina, S. W. Nicholson, A. M. Faucette and R. W. Baxter published a survey of Fairfield County, “Economic and Social”. This is a very serious and comprehensive study of these phases of the county. ‘It says the summers are long and hot, from May to September, when the temperature varies from about 78 degrees, F. to 100 and sometimes 104. The winters are short and mild from December thru February when the temperature varies from about 44 to Page 29 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 75 F. A low temperature of 3 F. has been reached. There are 228 growing days in the year, and the precipation averages 44 inches, with a low of 37.7 and a high of 52.5. There were 138,016 acres of woodland in the county in 1920, in 1910 there were 162,692, There was a density of 38.5 persons to the square mile. In 1920 Fairfield was third highest of all counties in the State in Negro population, the percentage being 76.1. Beaufort had 78.4% and Allendale having 77.6%. The surrounding counties of Fairfield showed: Chester 58.9% Negro, Kershaw, 58%, Richland 46.8% and Newberry 58%. As To AGRICULTURE 39 In 1910 the school enrollment in Fairfield was 7,670, in 1920 it was 7,426. (Some of this decrease was due to the loss of about 1,500 population to Richland.) The average school days in the year in town schools was 162, and in country schools 133. Of the total of 451,840 acres of land in the county 342,527 were in farms, of which 167,493 were ranked as improved. In 1920 there were 3,980 farms in the county, of which three were less than 3 acres, 36 less than 9; 234 less than 19; 2,197 less than 49; 582 less than 99; 439 less than 174; 197 less than 259; 191 less than 499; 89 less than 999, and 12 of 1,000 or more acres. The Negro owned farms were about 12% of the total. Census reports of 1920 give the total value of all crops produced in Fairfield at $6,751,678, the value of the cotton crop being $4,979,982, and the value of food crops, $1,771,696, of which the corn crop was valued at $562,322, 412.181 bushels, and if the government estimate of 31 bushels for man and animal consumption be correct, the deficit of corn in Fairfield was 429,748 bushels. For 1920 the cotton crop was 28,000 bales. Due to boll weevil the crop for 1921 was 10,143 bales. The surveyors say, “The Cecil series of soil is found in large areas in nearly all parts of Fairfield County. There is no type of soil more susceptible of permanent improvement than this soil. * * * The greatest problem confronting the farmers of Fairfield County in the building up and restoring of worn out lands.” The methods for doing this are suggested. The Andrews-Branson-Derrickh Review In 1930, Columbus Andrews, research assistant in social science of the University of North Carolina, E. C. Branson, of the department of rural social-economics, University of North Carolina and 8. M. Derrick of the department of rural social- economics University of South Carolina made an analysis of the government and county affairs of Fairfield County. After referring to “its fertile soil, its mild climate, its longdrawn beautiful valleys and glorious highlands”, which “aroused the enthusiasm of the land-hungry settlers” in Revolutionary and pre-Revolutionary war times, they say, “the game which was so abundant has practically disappeared long since; and most of that natural fertility of soil has found its way through the Santee River system into the broad Atlantic, and rests along the continental shelf”. “During the war between the States the county sent practically every white male able to bear arms to the front, and its losses In men were great. Besides the Page 30 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Federal army passed through the county (Columns in three different lines of march) burning and pillaging in Winnsboro and elsewhere. “The government of the county is a kind of hybrid. It is neither government by the General Assembly, which means government by the county delegation, nor is it government by the people, though it 1s more truly the former than the latter.” * # * * “The bookkeeping in several of the county offices is as poor as ever, the writer has been privileged to see. It can scarcely be called a system. There is not a complete system of records, and, in addition, such records as are kept show many signs of carelessness and much reliance on memory.” “Tn 1928 the county deleyation authorized the county treasurer to borrow $4,500 with which to pay for taking a dog census of the county. Of this sum $3,685.50 was paid to nine citizens of the county. * * * The writer did not see the list if it exists. However, the amount collected as the result of the census was $200. * * * The total number of white children enrolled is 1947, while that of the Negroes is 4,834. The length of term for white schools is nine months. The Negro schools run from four to six months. Though there are 34 school districts in the county, there are only fifteen white schools operated according to the superintendent of schools. * * * The number of convicts on the chain gang varies from month to month. It may be as low as from 380 to 40, or above 90. Tobacco purchases for the chain gang during the last fiscal year amounted to from $800 to $1,000.” It is remarkable how little the county has changed in some sections in a little more than 100 years. From Mills Statistics published 1826 (See appendix.) it is learned that lands sold for from $3 to $30 an acre, the average being about $10, in 1941 from an authoritative source, the county agent, the price was from $5 to $40, the average being about $15. In 1826 the average production of lint cotton per acre was about 250 pounds, of corn 25 bushels, and of wheat about 15 bushels; in 1941, the same amount of cotton, 14 bushels of corn and 10 bushels of wheat. As To AGRICULTURE 4] In 1826 board and lodging in the country could be had for about $8 to $10 a month, and in town about $4 a week. In 1941 the prices were about $25 a month in the country and about $30 a month in town, In 1826 the wages of field hands by the year was from about $80 to $100, in 1941 the pay was about 60 to 75 cents a day. In 1941 there was considerable diversification in dairying, poultry, beef cattle, hogs, small grain, and some sheep and cotton. From “The Story of Soil Conservation in the South Carolina Piedmont, 1800-1860,” bulletin of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, No. 407, is taken the following, which is particularly applicable to Fairfield County: “Economic Barriers to Agricultural Reform “The early agricultural magazines and the reports of the agricultural societies are replete with accounts of successful attempts to improve farming practices and conserve the soil. An examination of this literature alone might lead one to think Page 31 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 that most farmers were engaged in such attempts. However, there are enough discordant notes sounded to indicate that complete harmony was wanting. “The complaints about erosion increased rather than decreased as the century progressed. The evils predicted for South Carolina by Davie in 1818 did not literally come about within the 50-year time limit set by him, but 35 years after he spoke a writer observed gloomily that (10) : “We think none will have the temerity to deny the destruction that has and is now going on in the middle and upper portion of our State. Tens of thousands of acres of once productive lands, are now reduced to the maximum of sterility. The forest has been levelled, almost wanton prodigality, and a thoughtless and * * * senseless tillage has done its worst. The one idea planting system has told most fearfully on the once fertile and beautiful faced country of Carolina. Water-worn, gullied old fields everywhere meet the eye, and mocks our boasted improvements and progress.” “At home, as wealthy planters became wealthier or as their original plantations became poorer, they expanded their holdings. “For example, the first E. G. Palmer, a native of the coastal region of South Carolina, came to Fairfield District with approximately 100 slaves in 1824. Two years later he had acquired a plantation of 1,742 acres. By 1858-60 Palmer’s holdings in the district totaled 2,972 acres and he owned 176 slaves. Although he was a progressive farmer, who experimented with cottonseed manure, sugarcane, and rice, he was not able to cope with soil erosion. Palmer noted in his diary that in the spring of 1827 prolonged rains washed the land to an “unprecedented degree.” Apparently his erosion problem became increasingly urgent as time passed. In the years immediately preceding the Civil War, Palmer realized that the worn plantation soon would no longer support him and his family, and he considered sending one of his sons and some of the slaves to Mississippi to establish ‘another plantation. These plans were not carried out because of the War. (Plantation Account Book of E. G. Palmer, 1824-1862 ; and information furnished through the courtesy of Mrs. E. G. Palmer (the third) and family, Ridgeway, S. C.) One of the largest, if not the largest, of the landholdings in the South Carolina Piedmont in the ante bellum period was that of Nicholas A. Peay of Fairfield District. In 1860, it consisted of 19,000 acres divided into six separate plantations. Sometimes there were as many as four overseers. In 1857, there were 340 slaves connected with the estate, and the personal property was appraised at $288,168. (Inventory of the estate of N. A. Peay, May 1857, manuscript in office of the Judge of Probate, Winnsboro, S. C.; and manuscript schedules of the Eighth Census of the United States for Fairfield District, deposited in the South Carolina State Library at Columbia, S. C.) “The agricultural reform movement failed in its larger objJectives because it was dominated by the wealthy landholder, and because cotton continued to offer enough prospects of remuneration to insure its supremacy in the farming system. “Most of the men belonging to the agricultural societies, or writing for the agricultural press, or furnishing information to and receiving advice from the agricultural surveyors were gentlemen farmers. Many of them had incomes independent of agricultural sources. They could buy the more expensive plows and other equipment. With their large supply of slave labor, they achieved leisure and could keep abreast of the latest developments in apricultural science and experiment with Page 32 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 new crops and new practices. These things the small farmer, intent upon making a bare living, could not do.” As To AGRICULTURE 43 In recent years (about 1940) authoritative statements have been made that only in two or three other counties in the whole United States has there been erosion of soil comparable to that in Fairfield. There are no means of comparing the erosion which took place before the Confederate War with that since. Certainly it was a problem unmet before the war, but probably it has been vastly. more since the war because of the great number of Negro tenant farmers. The following form letter from F. F. Lesesne, survey supervisor of the U. S. Department of Agriculture tells of conditions in 1941; “I would like to quote a paragraph from the book “Soil Conservation” by Bennett on erosion conditions in F airfield County: “ ‘Looking across the background of events which led up to the present national program of soil and water conservation, a number of points stand out in the perspective of the author as prominent mileposts along the way. Among these are the finds of the soil survey of Fairfield County, South Carolina, which in 1911, disclosed that 90,000 acres of formerly cultivated land has been so cut to pieces by gullies that it had to be classed as rough gullied land, and that an additional 46,000 acres of formerly rich bottomland had been converted into swampy meadow land because the streams, gorged with the products of erosion, had lost their original channel capacities. This was probably the first survey of a large area in America which pointed specifically and quantitatively to the wholesale ravages of unrestrained soil erosion’,” “According to this old survey, it would indicate that in 1911, 140 square miles or 20% of the county was destroyed for cultivation. Seventy-two square miles or 10% was of no further agricultural use due to siltation of erosional debris. In 1934 there was a reconnaissance erosion survey made of South Carolina and now a detailed conservation survey is being made of Fairfield County. “Using these findings as a guide, I would suggest that the present erosion conditions in Fairfield County are as follows: More than 75% of topsoil removed... 35% or 247.1 sq. mi. 00%—T5% of topsoil removed... 40% or 282.4 sq. mi. 25%—50% of topsoil removed _____ - 15% or 105.9 sq. mi. 25% or less of topsoil removed_______ 10% or 76.6 sq. mi. oe 100% 706.0 In the bulletin No. 4, of the South Carolina Planning Board, November, 1940, there were nine different types of industries in Fairfield County in 1939, there were 14 different types in Chester County, 11 in Kershaw, and 11 in Newberry. The total Page 33 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 number of industries in Fairfield County was 24, in Chester, 24; in Kershaw, 23; in Newberry, 25. The percentage of land in farms was from 47.5 to 64 in Fairfield; 78 to 88.4 per cent in Newberry and Kershaw, and 64.4 to 78.4 in Chester. In Fairfield the average size of farms varied from about 110 to 124.9 acres in Chester and Kershaw from 84.4 to 94.9 acres and in Newberry 80 to 94.9. In Fairfield and Chester the value of farm lands was from $11 to $15 an acre, in Newberry, from $19 to $26, and in Kershaw from $16 to $18. From 1920 to 1930 Fairfield lost 14.3% in population, and from 1930 to 1940, gained 3.8%; Chester lost 4.8% from 1920 to 1930, and gained 2.3% from 1930 to 1940; Kershaw gained 9.1% from 1920 to 1930, and gained 2.5% from 1930 to 1940. Newberry lost 2.4% from 1920 to 1930, and lost 3.2% from 1930 to 1940. In 1940 the average taxation in Fairfield was 31 mills, in Chester, 80 mills, in Newberry 50, and in Kershaw 34. In 1927 an act was passed exempting manufacturing establishments in county of $100,000 capital or more in value, of airfield and a number of other counties from taxation, except school taxes, for a period of five years from such establishment, and in 1938 this act was further extended for Fairfield by exempting from taxation, except school taxes, additions of not less than $10,000 in value to manufacturing establishments. The county levy for school purposes then varied from 7 mills in two school districts to 11 in six districts, and 13 in four districts, to as high as 26 mills in six school districts. The county levy from which such establishments were exempted then was 1314 mills. In summing up the planning board says: “The average percentage of the State as a whole in assessing property is 19% of the actual value. The average adjusted millage for all counties of the State is 8.3 mills as applied against the actual property values.” The annual report of the South Carolina department of labor for 1940-41 gives Fairfield nine classifications of industries, 22 As To AGRICULTURE 45 establishments, capital $97 080,725, annual value of product $14,189,237, an average of 1,881 employees, and $1,911,945 paid annually in wages. The Winnsboro ( Cotton) Mills owned by the United States Rubber Company had a plant, including mill village, valued at over $4,000,000. Its mill village in housing and equipment was considered one of the best in the world of cotton mill villages. The mill had 52,316 spindles and 16 looms. It made automobile tire cord. These mills during the first part of 1942, working three shifts a day, consumed about 200 bales of cotton a day. Ordinarily the consumption is about 100 bales a day. The Shivar Springs company at Shelton besides bottling its own water, manufactured a number of non-alcoholic beverages, and had a large patronage throughout the South. Its capital stock was $25,000. Page 34 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 The Parr Shoals electrical development, owned by the Broad River power company, with 20,000 water power development and a 60,000 steam power auxilary, represented an investment of about $2,700,000. The granite quarries at Blair represented an investment of approximately $250,000, and the W innsboro granite quarries at Rion and railroad were probably in value in excess of $1,000,000. The Richland Shale Company at Richtex, in the southwestern part of the county had a value of $300,000, a weekly pay roll of $2,500, and an out-put of 90,000 brick a day. There were three other dimention stone companies representing investments of $10,000, $420,000 and $75,000. _ In the second decennial of the 20th century farm women in Fairfield County in keeping with the women in the other parts of the state became more vocal in farm matters as well as in all other respects. This was due to the work of the Home Demonstration agents who brought urgent messages of progress to every nook and corner of the county. The first home demonstration clubs were formed in 1917. In 1929 a County Council of Farm Women with a membership of about 300 composed of the membership of about a dozen demonstration clubs. The council has 12 subdivisions, the chairmen, and objects following; Mrs. R. B. McDonald, To sponsor a “live-at-home” program; Mrs. Gus McMeekin, “To beautify the homes and surroundings”; Miss Eyhel Mann, “To stimulate woman’s interest in good government”; Mrs. W. B. McDowell, “To improve the schools in the county”; Mrs. Lemon Turner, “To obtain scholarships for deserving Fairfield girls”; Mrs. R. E. Shannon, “to improve sanitary conditions throughout the county”; Mrs. Y. G. Lewis, “To study state and county laws and their effect upon living conditions”; Mrs. S. M. Mitchell, “To enlist the active interest of every farm woman”; Mrs. Wallace Turner, “To promote community and club singing”; Mrs. Sam Brice, “To promote publicity in newspapers and radio programs”; Mrs. Pope Brooks, Sr.”, “To assist Red Cross, and aid in caring for the sick”; Mrs. W. R. Goodson, “To promote 4-H club work in the county.” The following is taken from bulletin No. 3 and 4. State Planning Board, 1940: Fairfield is in the Piedmont plateau, which altogether and especially in Fairfield, is of a rolling character. The altitude above sea level varying from about 100 feet in the southwestern corner to about 650 at Ridgeway. The annual precipitation is from a normal average of under 45 inches a year in the southwestern corner to from 45 to 50 inches in the rest of the county, according to United States weather bureau. The isothernal line of 82 degrees passes through near the middle of the county, a few miles below Winnsboro, from east to west. The crop-growing season is from about 220 to 240 days. The killing frost average earliest date is November 11, and the latest March 21. In the county are three sewage disposal plants, one at Winnsboro and one at Ridgeway where there is partial treatment and at Parr where there is no treatment. In June 1940 there were 137.34 miles of rural electric lines, serving 576 customers ,or 4.19 customers to the miles, 24.73 customers per 1,000 population. The whole of Fairfield County was under forest protection in 1941. In 1939 there were 24 units of industry in the county. These were classified as brick, tile, and concrete works, electric plants, ice plants, lumber, and timber products, mineral and soda water plants, mining industries (granite quarrying), monument and stone industries, printing and publishing, and textile industries. Page 35 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 From Bulletin No. 5, of the State Planning Board, 1941, the following: Winnsboro Cotton Mills, owned by the United States Rubber Company, 57,000 spindles, and 12 looms. (Its ordinary consumpAs To AGRICULTURE 47 tion of cotton was about 600 to 700 bales of cotton weekly, during the World War No. 2, the consumption was about 1,400 bales weekly, running three shifts, seven days a week.) In Fairfield County there were seven forest products establishments; one non- intoxicating beverage plant (Shivar Springs, Inc., Shelton) ; one ice making plant, Winnsboro; The News and Herald Company, Winnsboro; Richland Shale Products Company, Richtex; Fairfield Quarries, Inc., Winnsboro; the Heyward Granite Company, Rion; the South Carolina Granite Company, Blairs; and five other stone and monument companies. FARMS IN 1850, 1860 AND 1930 By the United States census of 1850 there were 738 farms in Fairfield County, of these 102 were each worth in value $7,000 or more. The following were the names of the owners of these 102 farms and the value given to each: Isaac Stanton....... $ 12,000 Jesse T. Owens... 11,000 William R. Aiken. 10,000 John Wallace... 8,000 Sarah Mayo J. W. Glennon. 8,500 Benjamin V. Lakin (vt 10,500 James Elkins... 7,000 W. W. Herbert... 17,000 John Asheford............0..... 8,000 Abner Johnson... 25,000 James Asheford................ 8,500 Thos, Furman... 15,000 William Edrington................. 7,000 John G. O'Neal... 11,000 Cornelius Nevitt............ 7,000 Elizabeth Kincaid ................ 40,000 Laban H. Chappell... 7,000 Meredith Meadows............. 10,000 Nancy K. Watt... 8,800 David M. Minton, Agt......... 20,000 Jno. T. Matthews................. 7,000 John E, Peay... 20,000 Joseph Boyd, Agt................. 9,000 Massey P. Rabb... 17,550 William Blainww.. 9,600 Jos. Gladney. 12,000 Jane Belli. 9,500 Jno. Dawkins ow. 16,500 Samuel Gladney.......00000... 9,000 George B. Pearson.................. 30,000 Benom Robertson............. 7,720 Isaac Morris, Jr... 10,000 Henry Scott 9,160 Thomas W. Lyles.....cccccccccc.. 35,400 John P. Thomas... 7,500 Lucy Crosbyeiccccccccccccccccccceee. 10,000 John L. Cameron.................. 9,000 Page 36 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 William Moore ve 50,000 William Robertson................. 7,800 N. A. Peay by John Gloverioc.ccccccccccceccccccee. 7,000 Miles Simpson, Agt......... 15,000 = Andrew Blain... 8,000 Robt. Simpson..............0.... 25,000 David Milling o22.00$ 14,544 Patrich Gallagan.............. 55,000 Richard A. Hallan........... 10,000 James Padgett... 20,000 William A. Martin... 14,500 Jno. Harrison, Sr... 100,000 James Young 11,000 James E. Caldwell... 22,000 Fanny M. Means.................. 16,100 T. B. Lumpkin 18,000 James H. McGill, Agt..w....... 11,200 Sam K. Owens....................... 11,000 James Lemmon 15,000 48 Henry T. Coleman................ A. Feaster Osmond Woodward .............. A. J. Russell, Agt.......00000... William M. Youngue.......0.0........ Jonathan D. Coleman............ R. W. Stevenson............... Jeramiah Cockrell... John A. Robinson.................. John McEwen, Agt............... John Brice Walter Brice Robt. Brice John Adger James B. Mobley... Sam Mobley.......0.000000 David Brice Robt. G. Cameron...............-.James Turner James G. Brice... ceneeseee John Brice, Jr... ee Theo. Dubose........ 10,000 12,000 10,000 21,860 13,665 10,000 11,800 12,000 10,120 10,130 17,500 19,800 28,000 30,000 15,000 12,090 11,900 21,050 10,000 16,700 17,760 19,500 Page 37 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 James Duncan, Agt...u.. James Douglas Benjamin Cockerel................ John T. McCrorey.........0...... Daniel McCullough................ Butler Haygood .........0........... Jacob Gibson Elijah Gayden..u.. D. McCullough, Agt............. David Mobley..................20.....John Douglas -...00. John Durham Chas. Tims, Agt.... cl .. George R. Hunter... Edward P. Mobley.......0........ Daniel Hall James Barber Robt. Durham Mary Ellerson..........00000.000... Chas. Broome... cece eee Luke Broom ...00......22.0...22000 N. J. Osborne... 14,600 12,880 26,856 15,000 10,000 13,100 21,180 50,000 25,000 15,000 15,000 In 1860 by the United States census reports there were 707 farms in Fairfield County, a decrease of 31 since 1850. Of the 707 in 1860, there were 134 each in value of $10,000 or more. In other words there were 32 farms in the county each of value of $10,000 in 1860 more than there were of $7,000 or more in 1850. O. Woodward ............ccccee eee D, Landerdale.......0.22...222..-..-R. C. Woodward... W. R. Robertson................... John R. Robertson................ David Aiken R. E. Ellison I. N. Shedd Jno. Buchanan ........ R. A. Buchanan T. G. Robertson................... T. W. Woodward... Rebecca Kirkland.................. Thomas McKiunsty................00.... Nathan Page 38 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Robertson.................. Thomas True James F. Craig... ceescceeeeees Jacob Bookman Stephen Gibson... John Copeland.......... soseeseeeenens $40,000 15,000 12,000 132,720 19,000 10,000 37,100 14,000 15,000 16,000 17,000 D. D. Fenley..........0 ee Nancy Watt.i.eecesceeeeeeeee Dr. W. Thorne.......0...2.0..... J.T. McCrorey.........ceeee J. A. McCrorey........00.. 0... James Barber Minor Gladden....0...000.00000000..... J. E. Caldwell... Richard Gaillard... Estate, B. J. Boulware............ E. A. Rabb Nancy Kincaid... J. P. McFie S. R. Martin Chas. Free G. P. Martin Andrew McMeekin................ Elliott Elkins... 000.00... aeveceeee B. V. Lakin J. G. Rabb Page 39 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 12,000 11,000 11,800 28,400 12,000 David Milling As To AGRICULTURE wsedecsaeceseseraceeeecece 36,272 John H. Means Eliz. Caldwell Dr. S. F. Mobley... 26,000 J. P. Bell cess esseecceecsececserececeee 14,205 Dr. D. C. Means voseeeensesceceeceeessneeesences 13,000 T. J. Lyles. Est. of I. Gathers... 29,500 W.S. Lyles Sarah Barkley Dr. W. E. Hall John Douglas A. Lumpkin 15,000 D.H. Kerr eve seeeeeecsssecersreeces 10,800 W. J. Alston neseeeneeeesecceeeseeens 138,560 W. B. Lyles D. McCullough David Mobley D. R. Meador Page 40 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 J. P. Gladney John A. Peay Jos. C. Caldwell. 12,000 W. Mayfield eee 10,000 F. M. Means Jos. F. Aldridge... 17,250 I. W. Yongue Daniel Hall........... ecceuseeeeascaesee 62,100 Thomas Lauderdale sevesneescceceeesceeceee 36,356 Alexander Douglass M. McCullough... 12,852 James Douglass John S. Grafton... 21,000 Robt. Stevenson Jos. L. McCrorey.........000.. 12,000 J. G. Brice. sesesceeseesescusseesesees 56,000 John Brice. | sesceesesssaeeceeecceseese 15,000 Robt. Brice... seseeceeceevseeeeecesesees 13,000 Dr. W. Brice seeteneessetccececessaceseeees 10,000 Robt. Brice, Jr seenenseeesecesevsecaneceece 10,000 John Brice, Jr Jackson Gladney......... 12,000 Henry Castles eaneceeeeccencseeeeeccescucescce 30,000 Sam Brice... seseeeceecceeeeseceeeces 14,000 L,. Bookhart......... 12,900 F. Entzminger vaceeeeeecercesseconceceeece 10,000 B. Haigood...... 163,800 James Raines... Dr. R. H. Edmonds....... 11,060 J. A. Kennedy Est. N. A. Peay... 253,000 John D. Palmer John Robertson... 14,000 William Shedd... Dr. H. H. Clark. 80,000 Est. Dr. McCants Thomas J. H. Jones... 30,000 Richard Cathcart John McCully H. I. Coleman Andrew Feaster.......... 18,000 Capt. S. Dubose assneeteeceeccensceceecese 13,000 J. J. McMahan neeseceseeeesecceseececese 17,040 John Mobley weeeesesteceenteaeessnes 11,560 Thomas M. Lyles MAO eee mmm mmc wes vasncnne Om eRe ete mm weuwewccaanncen senneceenceeceesceececeeeece 15,000 James B. Mobley 13,600 E. M. Mobley escceecececscestesereecs 14,230 Est. Mrs. Glover Ve men meets neen we am aencaune easeceseccccsececseceees 11,100 William Blair Stephen Crosby................ 31,500 Dr. N. A. Newbill W. M. Youngue........ 14,355 I. F. T. Legg Page 41 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 S. H. Stevenson... 20,000 Darkey Mobley 49 27,144 19,550 61,050 12,000 13,000 16,680 18,000 32,812 12,150 10,000 24,495 18,000 12,656 19,000 10,400 15,080 33,000 33,630 30,000 25,500 55,680 24,000 13,000 27,500 10,600 13,300 12,000 10,000 10,000 12,000 12,000 10,000 14,285 24,169 15,000 10,000 17,665 17,800 18,000 10,320 59,900 40,000 19,200 17,700 12,000 16,000 10,500 INCREASE IN NUMBER OF FARMS In 1930 there were 2,236 farms in the county as compared 738 in 1850, and 707 in 1860. The total value of the farms 1930 was $4,356,000. Page 42 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 CHAPTER VII INDUSTRIAL Fairfield County in company with the whole State of South Carolina had no industrial development before the Confederate War. One may say with a degree of assurance that F airfield, preeminently a slave-holding county above all the counties north of the coast counties, was dominated by the large planter class, who did not encourage industrialism. The numerous small water courses of the county were well dotted with flour and grist mills. In 1841, in “The Southern Agriculturist” of Charleston, is found a communication from “Humanity” urging that every plantation have a grist mill to grind corn for the whole plantation, including the slaves, instead of requiring the slaves to grind their own meal and grits after working hours. It says that mills made by McCreight and son of Winnsboro would grind enough in a day for the whole plantation. From this it may be judged that McCreight and Son had a state wide reputation. And ina communication signed “R.K.C.” published in The News and Courier December 8, 1892 it is stated that Col. William McCreight had for 20 years preceding 1810 had the right to make all the cotton gins in the South under the Whitney patent. The entire accuracy of this statement may be questioned but certainly the McCreight-s and their successor J. M. Elliott, the latter coming down to near the end of the 19th century, manufactured great numbers of cotton gins of high class workmanship and efficiency. The unsolved marvel of the whole matter is why this did not grow into a fortune making establishment equal in proportions to the large manufacturies north of the cotton belt which must have made fortunes out of such manufacturing. To give an idea of the development of Fairfield, its background as shown by Dr. William A. Schaper, in ‘Sectionalism and Representation in South Carolina” is indicated, He says, “The attempt of Great Britain to tax the colonies and to enforce the navigation acts gave a decided impetus to manufactures in the up- country of South Carolina. * * +* Throughout the Revolutionary period the saw mills, flour mills, foundries, rolling and slitting mills, and gunshops of the up- country increased in number and activity.” There were no reliable reports until 1814, but then, he says “There were 255 blacksmiths in the State, of which 205 were located in the up-country ; 83 tanneries, of which 70 were in the up-country ; 202 flour mills, of which all but 8 were in the upcountry ; 65 saw mills, only one of which was in the low-country ; 1,458 distilleries, 12 of which were in Horry and Williamsburg. * * *” “But the sudden rise in cotton as a profitable staple on the up-lands soon changed all this. The inland farmers quit raising grain and other food stuffs, mainly for the household and cotton for export. Industry became less diversified and more concentrated in raising cotton. * * * It was not the invention of the cotton gin, nor any one single invention that made cotton profitable. * * * The full significance of Whitney’s invention can be fully understood only when taken in connection with the entire series of inventions in the textile industry.” Page 43 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 By a table Dr. Schaper shows how Wyatt’s roller spinning, Kay’s fly shuttle, Paul’s carding machine, all invented before 1750, Hargreave’s spinning jenny, calico printing, and Arkwright’s improvement of the spinning frame, all before 1760, Arkwright’s carding, roving, spinning machines, Compton’s mule, before 1770, and other inventions increased the demand for cotton, which, however, doubled in 1792 after the Whitney saw gin went into use. ‘ The Colonial South Continuing he says, “Up to this time the plantation system— that is to say, the system of raising staple crops for export and the importation of finished goods for consumption—had been confined to a very limited area near the coast. This was the colonial South. “The introduction of cotton into the middle and up-country inaugurated a complete industrial, political, and social transformation of those sections. * * * “With the appearance of cotton the system of diversified industries in the up-lands gave way to the plantation system. The tendency was to concentrate more and more on cotton planting. * * * The Jand holdings in the up-lands had been small. “With the appearance of cotton there was a marked increase in the size of the holdings. In 1795 the per capita holdings in the up-country was about 45 acres, as against 125 in the lowcountry. This means an average of about 225 acres for the uplands, and a plantation of about 725 acres for the coast country. The average for the State was about 310 acres. In 1850 the INDUSTRIAL, 53 average was 541 acres. The increase was undoubtedly due to concentration in the up- lands. Since 1850 the size of farms has steadily decreased. In 1860 the average farm contained 488 acres; in 1890 it contained 115 acres (p. 391). THE COTTON GIN No other subject in the history of Fairfield has provoked so much discussion as the origin of the cotton gin. Tradition is wholly on the side of Captain James Kincaid. Documented evidence may be said to be wholly on the side of Eli Whitney. The traditionalists say that Captain Kincaid with the assistance of Hodgen Holmes had devised a machine for getting cookleburrs out of sheep‘s wool; that Whitney in the absence of Captain Kincaid examined this machine, made drawings and hence, followed the cotton gin. In The State newspaper, Columbia, S. C., of March 4, 1914, is a letter from Oscar F-. Chappell, Bookmans, S. C., giving the traditional view. Another more detailed account is given by Claude C. Leitner in The Southern Christian Advocate, September 29, 1932, who tells, “while sailing the Seven Seas as a young privateer Captain Kincaid had seen the natives on an island in the Carribean taking the coir or outer husk off of cocoanuts by means of ‘an engine with saw teeth revolving between wooden slats, which kept the nuts from being injured’.” Gen. Washington A. Clark of Columbia, in The State newspaper, March 4, 1914, same issue with Mr. Chappell’s letter, gives the summary of the documented view. He says, in part; “As a student at Mt. Zion College, I lived three years in Winnsboro, (1857-59) while preparing for the South Carolina College. * * * Within sight of the college was a large factory where cotton pins were made, and which was frequently Page 44 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 visited by the students. While there I often heard this tradition (Captain Kincaid’s origin of the cotton gin), and it was confidently accepted as true by the people of that district.” General Clark then proceeds to tell that there is no satisfactory evidence that Whitney ever visited the home of Captain Kincaid, that Whitney lived and worked in Savannah and never lived or worked in Augusta, and closing General Clark says: “It thus seems that Mr. Whitney’s claim to the invention was recognized by the State of South Carolina as early as 1801; that it was recognized by Mr, Ramsay in writing the history of the State in 1808; that it was recognized by our distinguished fellow citizen, Colonel Hammond in preparing that valuable publication by the State Board of Agriculture in 1883, and still further, by that distinguished author and judge, William Johnson, (about 181220) in delivering a decree upon some question involving these rights.” General Clark also cites; “Having, however, established his claim to the patent, he (Whitney) made a contract with the State of South Carolina for the exclusive use of his gin in the State, the consideration being the sum of $50,000. This contract will be found set forth at length on page 427 of the fifth volume of the Statutes at Large, State of South Carolina, (1801); and in the appropriation bill of that year, will be found on page 4380 an appropriation of $30,000 for the payment to Whitney of the first and second installments on the purchase of this right to his patent.” It may be stated, in passing, that Captain James Kincaid was a member of the House of Representatives of South Carolina from 1794 to 1800, with the exception of the year 1798. He died in Charleston October 20, 1801. In the issue of Sept. 29, 1932 of the Southern Christian Advocate, Claude C. Leitner says Captain Kincaid got a caveat for Hodgen’s invention, 14th March, 1789, and that a patent was issued Ili Whitney 14th March 1794, the day Hodgen’s caveat expired. Leitner’s assertion that the legislature favored Whitney rather than the Kincaid- Hodgen invention was because Captain Kincaid has “done so much to cause the removal of the seat of government from Charleston to Columbia” does not seem to me to have any basis in fact, for Captain Kincaid was not in the legislature until 1794, eight years after the bill had been passed moving the capital. Furthermore the members from Charleston, certainly most of them, Pinckney, Vander Horst, Dr. John Budd and others favored the removal, and in the words of Dr. Budd, “would like to have the capital remain in Charleston, in justice to the rest of the state he would vote for the bill. A former Charlestonian, then a resident of Ninety Six, John Lewis Gervais, after whom Gervais street, in front of the capital is named, was the author of the bill, providing for the removal. While, personally, I should have preferred to have come to a contrary conclusion, I believe that the Whitney invention, so much differed from the Kincaid-Hodgen invention, and was not influenced by it, that he is entitled to the honor which the Legislature of South Carolina conferred upon him, in practically declaring him the inventor of the cotton gin. Page 45 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 CHAPTER VIII EDUCATIONAL AND RELIGIOUS LIFE Educational In 1767, the Rev. George Almund, a Baptist minister from Stockholm, Sweeden, visited the western part of Fairfield County. He is said to have walked over nearly the whole of Europe, and probably used the same means of locomotion here. He tells of a visit to Jacob Gibson’s church on Little River, which had been started about 1762. As Mr. Gibson was a teacher as well as preacher it is probable that he had a school in connection with his church. But there were very few settlers, and neither church nor school could have been large. Possibly this was the first school in Fairfield. — There are reasons to believe that there was a school in what is now Winnsboro some years before 1777 , when Mt. Sion (as then spelled) was established. Mt. Zion, as it was afterwards called, was rechartered in 1785 as a college, and began anew its rather illustrious career. Following this were the Jefferson-Monticello academy in 1800, then the Broad River academy, in the western part of the county in 1824, the Manual Training School, (afterwards Furman University) three miles from Winnsboro, 1835, and the Feasterville academy, 1842. Many schools followed these, but these are the notable ones deserving special consideration. December 21, 1811, the Legislature of South Carolina passed a Free School Act, which provided for as many free schools in each election district as there were representatives in the House of Representatives. There were to be nine for Fairfield. Three hundred dollars a year was to be appropriated from the State treasury for each school, and “if the fund was insufficient to employ a master for a whole year, then for the greatest length the master may be employed” for such sum. The act provided that where there were private school already In operation it would be permissible to join the free school to it. The free school act passed by the legislature in 1811, providing for a free school in each election district, moved the people of the whole state as is shown by petitions on file in the office of the Historical Commission. There was two such petitions from Fairfield, one signed by William Kincaid, James Alston and 77 others (most of whom lived in the western part of the county ) and another signed by William Strother, James Beaty and 59 others, (principally living in the central part of the county). What was the result of these petitions is not known, but as the schools to be established were to be supported by the State, 1t is very certain that no commanding schools were established. As a matter of fact there is nothing in the record to show that anything was done. The petitions were identical in form, and evidently were printed for general circulation. Page 46 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 They began; “That upon due consideration, your petitioners are of the opinion that the establishment of schools in the several election districts of this state, under the fostering and protecting hand of the legislature is an object of the first importance, and worthy of immediate attention. “Tt is evident to your petitioners, that it is not from the establishment of colleges only (however, great the advantages resulting from such institutions may be) that universal benefits can be expected or general information may be acquired, the children of the poor, and by far the most numerous class of citizens, are, by their situation and circumstances, precluded from the advantages of collegiate education, and doomed to regret that fortune has imposed upon them the hard lot of entering upon the world with all the disadvantages attendant upon unenlightened and uncultivated mind.” Some progress was made, however, and by 1848, according to Dr. R, L. Meriwether, in a paper read to the Kosmos club, Columbia, in January, 1948, Fairfield had 29 free schools, and according to him, “The most optimistic note in the up-country came from Fairfield, which, relatively, had small number of white children needing aid.” The school authorities of the county for that year reported, “the system continues to work well, * * * and we do not believe there is a child of 12 years of age, who has the capacity to learn, and whose parents or guardian will permit them to attend school that is not more or less advanced in the three R’s, and have made considerable attainments in grammar and geography.” The whole school system was destroyed by the Confederate war, and Reconstruction kept things in abeyance until the State was redeemed in 1876. EpucatTion anp Reticious Lire 57 In a sketch of “Mt. Zion Institute,” written in 1907, by S. D. Dunn, one time teacher in the school, the statement is made, “Thus as might be expected in the earliest history of the community the establishment of a school in a log- schoolhouse—the origin of Mt. Zion College. This was ten years before the Revolution and it was about the time the village acquired its name from the circumstance that John and Richard Winn, who had moved from Virginia, had gotten possession of the lands where Winnsboro now stands.” In “The History of Higher Education in South Carolina” by Colyer Meriwether, 1888, a full account of the founding of “Mount Sion Society” is given. Herein F ebruary 13, 1777, a charter is granted to John Wynn, esquire, the president of the said society, and, Robert Ellison and William Strother, esquires, the present wardens, and the several persons who now are, or shall hereafter be, members of that society in this State, commonly called the Mount Sion Society.” In a list of the names of the members of the society of about 400, mostly of the city of Charleston, who had joined during the years, 1777-1784, the following are those who were members in January and February, 1777, before the date of the granting of the incorporation; Francis Adams, Rob. Austen, Robert Buchanan, John Buchanan, Joseph Brown, William Brown, sen., William Denny, Thomas Gordon, William Given, Richard Ham, William Hill, Joseph Kirkland, John Kennerly, Robert Knox, Alexander Love, John Milling, David Milling, Edwd, McCrady, Hugh McKeown, William Strother, Richard Strother, Thomas Taylor, and Thompson, John Winn, Thomas Woodward, Benjamin Waller, William Wayne. Page 47 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 The school is supposed to have continued until Cornwallis occupied Winnsboro, 1780- 1781. In 1784 it was reopened, and in 1785 it was chartered as a college in the same act with the College of Charleston and a college to be founded at Cambridge (now Ninety Six). The following is the list of teachers from 1784 to 1942; 1784—President, Rev. T. H. McCaule, Assistants, G. W. Yongue, William Davis, Mr. Humphreys, Mr. Strait, I. Wallis. 1793—President, Rev. William Nixon, July 9th, 1793 to Mar. 9, 1794. 1794—President, Rev. G. W. Yongue for balance of term. 1794—President, John Armour. 1796—President, Mr. Sharkey. 1797—President, James Beaty. 1801—President, Rev. John Foster, 3 years principal. 1803—President, Robert Crawford. 1805—Principal, Rev. George Reid. 1808—Principal, Rev. John Foster. 1811—Principal, Rev. T. H. Porter. 1817—Principal M. Holinguist. 1818—Principal, Rev. A. W. Moss. 1823—Principal, George Fitz, (Died during term.) Robert Munford. 1827—Principal, Samuel Stafford. 1829—Principal, Robert L. Edmunds. 1834—Principal, J. W. Hudson. 1858—Principal, Gen. John A. Alston. 1860—Principal, Wiliam Muller. 1861—Principal, J. A. Leland and L. M. Candler. 1862—Principal, W. Rivers. 1864—Principal, T. I. Wells. 1868—Principal, G. A. Woodward. Page 48 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 1871—Principal, Miles M. Farrow. 1873—Principal, R. H. Clarkson. 1875—Principal, W. M. Dwight. 1877—Principal, R. Means Davis. 1882—Principal, D. C. Webb. 1883—Principal, Patterson Wardlaw and B. R. Turnipseed. 1885—Principal, J. C. Cork. 1886—Principal, W. H. Witherow. 1902—Principal, L. T. Baker. 1906—Principal, J. H. Thornwell. 1919—Principal, G. F. Patton. A diploma issued by Mt. Zion College to Humphrey Hunter in 1787, reads as follows: Praefectus et Curatores Collegii Montis Sionis. Omnibus et singulis ad quos haec literae pervenerint. Salutem in Domini. _ Notum sit quod nobis placet Auctoritate publico Diplomate nobis commissa, Humfredum Hunter, candidatum premium in EDUCATION AND Retigious Lire 59 Artibus Graduum competentem examine sufficente previo approbatum Titulo graduque Artium liberalium Baccalaurei adornare. In cujus Rei Testimonium Literis Sigillo Collegiimunitis nomina subscripsimus. Thomas McCaule, Prof.-1. John Winn, James Craig. Datum in Aula Collegii, apud Winnsburgium, in Carolina Meridionali, quarto Nonas Julii, Anno Arce Christi millesimo septuagentesimo et octogesimo septimo. The following is the translation: “President and Trustees of the College of Mount Sion.” ‘To all and severally to whom these letters come “Greeting in the Lord “Let it be known that by the authority invested (so vestes) to (or in) us by public act—it pleases us to honor Humphrey Hunter, a candidate completing (seeking) the first-degree in the Arts, previously approved by proper examination, with the title Page 49 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 and degree of Bachelor of Liberal Arts. In witness of this thing we have subscribed our names, the letters being certified (strengthened) by the seal of this College. “Thomas H. McCaule, First Professor John Winn, Trustee James Craig, Trustee. “Given in the Hall of the College at Winnsborough, in South Carolina, on the birthday before the Ides of July (July 12), in this year 1787 of Christ.” From Edrington’s manuscript, written about 1898, a concise account of Mt. Zion is to be found in the appendix. Three quotations here are worth while. The first is from McCrady (1719-1776) ; “It is a curious and interesting fact in the history of South Carolina that the very first instance in which the names of the English churchmen and the Huguenots on the coast, and of the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians of the upper country, are commingled, is in the establishment of a school. The Mount Zion Society was established in the city of Charleston January 9th, and incorporated February 12th, 1777, the year after the battle of Fort Moultrie, for the purpose of founding, endowing, and supporting a public school in the District of Camden for the instruction and education of youth.” The membership of the society was from all parts of the State, but the meetings were held in Charleston, until about 1823. Two other quotations follow from Dr. William Porcher DuBose, and Dr. James H. Carlisle, whom many who knew them both, regarded as two of the greatest, if not the two greatest men produced in South Carolina, subsequent to the Revolutionary war. Both had received their privary education at Mt. Zion under J. W. Hudson, in the hey-day of that Schools history. Dr. DuBose wrote: “I knew no other school but Mt. Zion. At the age of ten or eleven I came under the spell of Mr. Hudson himself, and for five full years was clay in the hands of that great educational potter. * * * The advantage to myself in being with him throughout was incalculable. What he taught me was made so a part of my permanent mind and being that it has been impossible for me to lose one jot or tittle of it. * * * It is hard to say, in ones impression of Mr. Hudson at his best, which is more prominent, the teacher or the disciplinarian. * * ¥* Never did a teacher so impress the imagination of pupils.” Dr Carlisle writes of “his remarkable career as a teacher” and “his name should be remembered in the town to whose reputation and business resources he contributed so largely. “Let his faults, which it would useless to deny, as it would be uncharitable to dwell upon, be forgotton, silently remembered by his pupils and friends only to avoid them, while they imitate his virtures.” It may be said in passing that from the best information obtainable the sum of Mr. Hudson’s offended was that he was a poker player, and must have lost in the aggregate considerable sums at cards. | George H. McMaster who went to school to Mt. Zion from 1837 to 1847, says “Mr. Hudson was a regular attendant at the Presbyterian church, and a liberal supporter of it. He may not have been enrolled as a member; but he had great respect for Page 50 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 religion, and would rebuke scathingly a boy who might show irreverence or ill- breading by misbehaving in church.” EpucaTion ano Renicious Lire 61 During Mr. Hudson’s administration he frequently went to northern centres of education to make contacts with teachers, and engage them. Among those he did engage was Edward Maturin, who taught Greek, and who after leaving Mt. Zion became one of the American translators of the Bible. Maturins father had been a novelist, and playright, and Maturin, himself, was conversant with Greek and Shakesperian drama. He organized an amateur Thespian Corps in Winnsboro, and the atmosphere created lasted long and had positive effect in the community. It is interesting here to note that the Rev. Dr. A. Toomer Porter, subsequently the founder of Porter’s Military academy in Charleston tells of his playing the part of Pauline in “The Lady of Lyons, and of Col. Hugh K. Aiken, (Confederate) playing the part of Claude Melnot. Porter was a student from Charleston. Another teacher who afterwards became world famous was Henri Harrisse, who taught French, and who afterwards became one of the world-famous bibliographers, living in Paris, France. Mr. McMaster in his article on Mr. Hudson says, “The school term then was from January 1 to October 31. This was to suit the low-country people, who wished to have their children home in winter.” From an advertisement of what appears to have been January, 1853, of “Mount Zion Collegiate Institute” the faculty is given as J. W. Hudson, Esq., president and professor of Roman Literature and English, J. Wood Davidson, A.B. professor of Grecian literature,—professor of French and Spanish, James H. Rion, A.B., professor of Mathematics and History, and George H. McMaster, A.B., professor of Nat. Phil. Chem and English. Terms, boarding in the family of the president (including tuition in all branches, except philosophy, chemistry, and French) per session, $90; Or if paid in advance $80; tuition of day scholars in the classical or mathematical departments, $25; in other branches from $10 to $20; course of chemistry or philosophy, extra $10; French $15. A student will be received at any time, and will be charged at the same rate from the time he enters to the end of the session; but no deduction will be made if he leaves before the end of it.” Except for the 100 acres of land given the school at its founding by Gen. Richard Winn, and the one thousand pounds sterling gift from John Vanderhorst, by will in 1787, the school does not seem to have had any endowment, and it was maintained by tuition fees, and possibly by some incidental donations from the society. During Mr. Hudson’s administration it appears he ran the school on his own responsibility, but the school had such a reputation that it attracted students from the lower part of the state, and from other southern states generally. It appears to have paid Mr. Hudson handsomely and to have enabled him to engage teachers of ability and reputation. In 1866 the faculty was composed of G. A. Woodward, principal, Rev. William Porcher DuBose and W. Moultrie Dwight, assistants. There is evidence that there were also one or two women teachers for the smaller boys. The school building was burned May 5, 1867, a Sunday afternoon, and the cause of the fire was said to have been from a student smoking in bed. Page 51 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Two colored men, John Smart, and Emanuel Blake, distinguished themselves for their bravery in fighting unavailingly this fire. In 1942 the valuation of Mt. Zions property buildings, grounds and equipment, was estimated to be worth $267,300. Jefferson-Monticella Academy In the office of the Historical Commission there is a “petition of the trustees and founders of the Jefferson-Monticello Academy” of date November 2, 1802, to the General Assembly of South Carolina. It recites, “that your petitioners considering the general introduction of learning and science in any free country to be one of the means of securing its natural prosperity and happiness; and, influence solely by these motives which had for their object the public good, have at very considerable expense erected a handsome and commodious building near Broad River in the district of Fairfield, and there established a school by the name of Jefferson- Monticello academy. The means of your petitioners not adequate, and purposes, in some measure, frustrated for want of means to procure a library, and other apparatus, ask for incorporation, and pecuniary aid as your honorable shall deem proper.” The petition was signed by James Rogers, C. D. Bradford, Arromanus Liles (sic) E. Lyles, Nathan Cook, George Reddish, Charnel Durham, Burrell Cook, Joshua Durham, Philip Raiford, Benjamin May, Charles MtGomery, P. Edward Pearson (and Phil Pearson and James Davis trustees.) EpucatTion Anp Reuicious Lire 63 This petition was referred to a committee consisting of Col. Thomas Taylor, Capt. Maner, and Col. Cothran. The incorporation was granted, but no financial aid given. On December 11, 1818, another petition was made to the general assembly by “the trustees of Monticello Academy, and other citizens of the district in the neighborhood of the village of Monticello” reciting that “the said academy was built in the year 1800 by voluntary contributions of citizens, and that after the completion of the building, there remained no funds for the necessary repairs” and that now “it is now in a situation of considerable decay, dependent upon its preservation upon the charity of the people, or some provision of the Legislature your petitions, therefore, beg leave to suggest that by authorizing a lottery for the benefit of said institution, the profits shall not exceed $1,000, the said academy can be properly repaired.” The petitioners whose names are signed to this are William F. Pearson, Robert Duke, Sumon Flodin, Robert H. Morris, Zacherish Day, John W. Pearson, George B. Pearson, John Porter, Washington Lyles, Arromanus Lyles, Charles Finley, Phil. Pearson, James Davis, William Perry, James Dawkins, H. Edrington, Jr., John A. Sharpe, Phil Pearson, Jr., James McGill, William McKell, John Pearson. It is not known whether the lottery was conducted or not. In 1827 some doubt having arisen as to the act of incorporation a petition was made to the General Assembly for a reincorporation. Names attached to this petition were Thomas S. Weston, William Edrington, William Gappen, William Shelton, William Marion, William Holmes, William Cato, Robert Weston, Phil Pearson, William F. Pearson, P. Edward Pearson, J. Erskine Pearson, James Davis, and John Davis. Page 52 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 There is an undated paper reciting, “At a meeting of the citizens of Monticello the following were nominated as trustees of the Jefferson-Monticello Academy, Rev. James Rogers, Col. Jonathan Davis, Dr. George B. Pearson, Dr. James M. Becket, Dr. Joel E. Pearson. The following sketch of the Rev. James Rogers, one of the founder, if not in chief, of the Jefferson-Monticello academy, is taken from the Centennial History of the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church, (Walker, Evans and Cogswell, Charleston, 1905). “The Rev. James Rogers was born in County Monaghan, Ireland, August 2, 1768. He graduated at Glascow University, and studied theology two terms with Dr. Lawson, at Selkirk, Scotland, and was licensed September 8, 1789, that he might go to South Carolina with a brother and sister. “He landed in Charleston, S. C., December 25, 1789, and soon after went to Tairfield and Abbeville districts. * * * He was called to the pastorate of King’s Creek, and Cannon’s Creek in Newberry County, and of Ebenezer, (now called the Brick Church) in Fairfield County, and was ordained and installed February 23, 1791. About 1815 Mr. Rogers resigned his Newberry churches but continued to be pastor of Ebenezer until his death, August 21, 1830. “The Associate Reformed Synod of the Carolinas was organized at Mr. Rogers’ church, Ebenezer, May 9, 1803, and Mr. Roger was the moderator of the meeting, and he was also moderator 1809, 1814, and 1817 and 1821. “Karly in his ministry he founded the Monticello Academy, near Ebenezer, and presided over it for more than 25 years. This academy was somewhat famous in its day and many men who afterwards became famous in the South obtained the rudiments of an education in this school. “Mr. Rogers was married three times, first to Jane Wilson Murray, who died July 30, 1803 leaving one child, John Rogers. His second wife was Celia Davis who died September 21, 1818. The third wife was Jane Adger, daughter of Wiliam Adger of White Oak, S. C. In the office of the Historical Commission in Columbia there is a “petition of the Fairfield Broad River Academy praying for an act of incorporation and for pecuniary aid.” October 24, 1824. It states; “They have erected a building at a suitable location. That while it can be prepared for the reception of students it is not in financial condition to place it in a state of preservation. And they desire to create a library. The signers to the petition are Burrell B. Cook, Thomas I. Cook, John Thompson, Jeremiah Glenn, John A. Martin, Thomas C. Wane, William Waitt. A notation was made that it was granted incorporation and to hold property to the amount of $10,000, but that it was inexpedient to grant financial aid. EDUCATION AND Reuicious Lire 65 No further information about the school has been obtained. Page 53 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Due to energetic efforts by Dr. Richard F urman, who died, however, before the opening, Furman Academy and Theological Institution was established at Edgefield, S. C., in 1826. In 1828 the academy was given up and the Theological Institution was moved to the High Hills of the Santee (Stateburg). In 1836 it was moved to a site about three miles west of Winnsboro. Quotation is now made from an article by Prof. H. T. Cook, of F urman, in The Baptist Courier, of 1901; “Hitherto the board of agents was the manager of all the missions, and education, but at this point a board of trustees was elected—26 in number. * * * “The first board of trustees, appointed December, 1835, brought new men to the front, seven of whom were to be a quorum ; Jonathan Davis, president, J. L. Brookes, vice president, J. ©. Furman, secretary. The first meeting of the board, which 11 attended, was held at the Fairfield Church, three miles from Winnsboro, May 14, 1836. Here some progress was made for the organizing of a manual training school. Two building were to be erected, the northern one to be for the Theological Seminary. “The Manual Labor Classical School opened the first Monday in February, 1837. Persons from a distance came by stage from Columbia. A uniform of gray cloth, with standing collar, singlebreasted with one row of buttons was required.” In the following April there were 50 students boarding at the mess hall, and 18 more at other places, near. Prof. W. Royal, writing in 1891, wrote; fifty-four years ago, six boys from Charleston, including the Rev. B. W. Whilden, and the writer, reached the Furman Institute grounds in Fairfield. We were the first students from abroad. In a few days there arrived others from Beaufort, Barnwell, Edgefield, Chester, etc. The manual labor idea had taken hold of our people and they were bent on trying it. * * * T recall very pleasantly the fact that my year’s work in the field yielded me the sum in cash of $3.40.” May 1, 1837, the manual school building was totally destroyed by fire, and one student, Frances Goddard, of Georgetown, S. C., was burned to death. Immediately a number of individual citizens built cabins, and the school went on, and soon thereafter another building was erected. It was suspected that a home-sick student set fire to the building. The manual training department was known as the Classical and English department. This was discontinued in 1840, and the Theological department which was continued as the Theological Seminary continued at the site near Winnsboro till 1851, when it was moved to Greenville. It is there now enlarged and strong, with a considerable endowment, and known as Furman University, one of the best institutions of its kind in the South. Feasterville Academy Mrs. B. H. (Etta) Rosson, Jr., of Shelton, S. C., gives the following sketch of the Feasterville Academy ; The land for Feasterville Academy was given by John Feaster, son of the Revolutionary soldier, Andrew Feaster. He also gave the land and built the Boarding Page 54 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 House, adjacent to the Academy, and gave-the land and built the Liberty Universalist Church, which is just across Highway 215 from the old Academy. We, the descendants of John Feaster, have always been told the following: That the school and Boarding House were built the same year. In my mother’s home, at Shelton, hangs the portrait of John Feaster, painted by Mr. Ladd. We have always been told that when Mr. Ladd was painting this picture, Mrs. Ladd accompanied him, and during one of the sittings, she asked John Feaster why he didn’t build a school here. In reply, he asked: “If I built one, would you come up and teach in it?” She promptly rephed that she would, and he built it, and she was the first teacher. The Boarding House was built for those students who lived too far away to come and go each day. Hence, the name, “The Boarding House.” While teaching there, Mrs. Ladd lived in the Boarding House. She went from there to Winnsboro to live, and was in Winnsboro when Sherman came through from Columbia. In Rev. D. B. Clayton’s book, “Forty-Seven Years in the Universalist Ministry,” he states that he taught in the Academy from 1864 to the end of 1865. We know that Mrs. Ladd taught there in 1848, as Mrs. Mary Coleman Faucette’s mother, Mrs. J. A. F. Coleman, stated often that she went to school there in 1848, and boarded with Mrs. Ladd in the Boarding House. Also, Mrs. Faucette and Mrs. Nancy Stevenson Estes attended the EpucaTion anp Reuiqious Lire 67 school the same year, riding horseback from their homes. Miss Margaret Narcissa Feaster taught in the Academy in 1860-61. Mr. Feaster Lyles and his sister, Isabelle, taught there after the war. In his will, dated November 235, 1847, John Feaster states: “My will is that the lot of land on which the Female Academy and Boarding House stand at Feasterville, containing five and one half acres, I give and bequeath to my three sons, Jacob Feaster and Andrew Feaster and John U. F easter, in trust and for the benefit of Feasterville Male & Female Academy, and I hereby appoint and constitute them trustees of the same.” From then on down to the present time, as a trustee died or moved from the community, another trustee was selected by the other trustees, and these trustees govern the property. Mrs. Rosson has (1942) the original of the following documents: ARTICLE OF AGREEMENT, entered into this 22d day of December, 1841, between Jacob F easter, Jr., H. J. Coleman, Andrew Feaster and Henry A Coleman, Trustees of Feasterville Academy, of the one part, and Lewis F. W. Andrews, of the other part. WITNESSETH, that the said L. F. W. Andrews doth agree to take charge of the Feasterville Academy, for the year of our Lord 1842, and to teach or have taught the usual English and classical Branches to any Number of pupils, not exceeding forty, on the following terms: The male and female pupils to be united in one school—the Scholastic year to be divided into two sessions of five months each—the Ist Session to commence on the last Monday of January of said year, school to be taught five days in each week and six hours each day, all lost time on the part of the Principal to be fully made up by him. Page 55 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 The undersigned Trustees on their part agree to pay, or guarantee the payment of, the sum of eight hundred dollars to said L. F. W. Andrews, as teacher and principal aforesaid, for the term of one scholastic year of 10 months, said payment to be made on or before the 25th day of December, 1842—and do further agree to provide suitable writing benches for the Academy prior to the commencement of school, also to furnish firewood for the same—and a pair of 12-inch globes—and to pay for the advertising of the Seminary. IN TESTIMONY, whereof, we the parties, have hereunto signed our names respectively, the day and date above mentioned. (Signed) : L. F. W. Andrews.—Principal,—Jacob Feaster, Henry J. Coleman, H. A. Coleman, A. Feaster, Trustees. The exact connection of Mrs. Ladd with the Feasterville Academy is not clear, but it seems to have been certain. A sketch of this remarkable woman is to be found elsewhere in this volume. Dr. W. W. Ball, editor of The News and Courier, is authority for the statement that in 1848, when Newton Pinckney Walker, who had been a Baptist preacher and teacher, but who had become a Universalist in belief, proposed to establish a school for the deaf and blind among the sites offered “was a generous offer, at Feasterville, Fairfield County.” * * * “The people of Feasterville were of his belief in these things” (Universalist). But the choice went to Cedar Springs because of an abandoned summer resort hotel, and out buildings. This sketch of the early schools of Fairfield may be closed with the reflection that Mount Zion, ante-dating the South Carolina University by about a quarter of a century might have been developed into that institution; Furman Institute three miles from Winnsboro might have been developed into Furman University, and Feasterville Academy might have had as an adjunct the State School for the Deaf and Blind. Blythewood Female Institute Previous to 1860, there was a school (called “Balle Haven’) in Columbia, owned and operated by the Rev. John Zealey, a Baptist minister. This school was transferred to Doko, S. C., on the property of Dr. S. W. Bookhart, who became sole owner and principal of the “Blythewood Female Institute,” that year (1860). This school was located several miles west of the railroad station now known as Blythewood, then known as Doko. The attendance was about 75 students, many of the girls living in the school building and others in the neighborhood. The building was surrounded by a beautiful flower garden, the remains of which could be seen 60 years afterwards. From the files of The News and Herald, Winnsboro, the following extracts from advertisements are taken: EDUCATION AND Rewicrous Lirr 69 January 2, 1865. Miss Peronneau commences instruction of classes at Episcopal parsonage, January 8. Dr. W. H. Bailey classes in French at residence of Mr. K. Wagner. Page 56 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 School for young ladies, 21st session, Monday January 15, Rev. J. Obear, principal. December 2, 1865. Winnsboro Female Seminary, Rev. A. G. Stacy, A. M., principal. December 14, 1865. Mrs. C. Ladd announces her school commences January 8, 1866, in Fairfield Hotel. Winnsboro Female Seminary, Rev. A. G. Stacy, A. M., principal. ‘T'wo sessions, January 4 to May 18; May 21 to October 12. T'wo weeks vacation. December 16, 1865. Monticello Female Academy. Session 20 weeks, commences January 10. Terms for session, board including washing, $50; tuition in english, $25; music, $25; latin, $25. Pupils are required to furnish lights, sheets, pillow cases, towels, etc. Rev. J. Taylor Zeely, principal. March, 16, 1866. Winnsboro Female Seminary, Rev. A. G. Stacy, A.M., principal. Miss C. J. Whitaker, instructress, Miss I. J. Whitaker, assistant, Miss M. S. Percher, ornamental department. Blythewood Female Institute, Dr. S. W. Bookhart, principal, Doko, S. C. Board including fuel and lights, $65; English classes, $25; Music, $25; Painting, French, etc., $25; contingent fee $5. January 9, 1867. Winnsboro Female Institute. Having purchased the large commodious building known as Bank Range. The school will be jointly under charge of Mrs. C. Ladd, principal Winnsboro Female Institute, and the Rev. J. Obear, former principal of Winnsboro Ladies’ Academy. Tuition according to classes $15, $18, or $22 per session of 20 weeks. There many private schools, and what might be designated as a system, was the employment of governesses, who came generally from the North, in all families which could afford it. But free public education, as compared to present day, may be said to have been negligible in Fairfield County, and in the State, before the Confederate War. From “Backgrounds of secondary education in South Carolina” by James Alexander Stoddard, (later professor at the University of South Carolina). Bulletin of the University of S. C., No. 150, November, 1924, the following extracts, as indicating conditions in South Carolina, may be taken as indicative of conditions in Fairfield: “The spirit of the colonists was not without recognition of the need for education. “Early private schools and teachers supplied that need. “Church schools added much to the work of the schools. “First state-wide free school measure was passed in 1811. “Little progress was made in secondary school work, except in private schools, until 1861. “No general statewide program for public high schools was set up until 1907.” Page 57 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Before the Confederate War, no other county in the state, with the exception of Charleston could make so good a showing in the matter of schools as Fairfield. The institutions mentioned in the foregoing were in no sense public schools, and while Winnsboro can boast the first graded public school in the state, 1878, outside of Charleston, there was no public school system in the county, worthwhile, before the Confederate War, nor in the State of South Carolina. Indeed, one is tempted to say that the public school system in the State has been developed into noble proportions only since the first decade of the 20th century. There is no need to do more than quote from the report of the State Superintendent of Education of 1941. He does not go back further than 1923 for comparison. He says: “In 1923, State aid for education amounted to $1,773,803.55. By 1941 this support had increased to $8,611,174.00, a gain of $6,837,370.00. Part of this increase is due to Federal funds, but, the bulk of it is from the State. At the present time the State bears 47 per cent of the burden for school support, and the local districts only 53 per cent; whereas in 1923, the local districts bore 63 per cent of this burden, and the State only 37 per cent. “Though there has been an increase of over 16,000 pupils, a gain of 3.5 per cent; the proportionate increase of State aid for education of these children has been $6,837,370, a gain of 385 per cent.” In 1941, Fairfield County had 81 schools, 10 elementary white and 64 elementary Negro; six white high schools and one Negro high school; there were 232 teachers, in the elementary schools, 6 white men and 63 white women, 23 Negro men and 100 Negro EpucaTion AND Re.iqaious Lire 71 women; in the high schools there were 13 white men and 19 white women, two Negro men and three Negro women; two white vocational teachers and one Negro vocational teacher. There were 6,677 pupils enrolled, of which there were 1,822 white children in the elementary schools and 4,091 Negroes; in the high schools there were 623 white children and 141 Negro children. The expenditures for the year were $194,825, of which $150,929 were for current expenses, and $43,886 for capital investment. The valuation of school property, lands, building and equipment, estimated, $696,154, of which 658,675 was for whites and $37 479 for Negroes. The expenditure per capita for each pupil was $35.33. There is nothing in the past with which to compare this. It is a far cry from $300 a school for nine schools $2,700 permitted Fairfield County in 1811 (and there is no evidence that sO many as nine were set up) and 81 schools and $194,825 in 1941. It seems like cruelty to say that this marks the difference in social consciousness between the two eras, but what other conclusion may be drawn? In 1837 the Fairfield County library was started, by August 1940, it was housed in a comfortable and conveniently arranged quarters, with about 5,000 books on its shelves, with a library truck loaded with books visiting all parts of the county five days a week. A definite appropriation of one per cent of all school funds in the county has been set aside for its maintenance. Books are free, except for a few for which a small rental charge is made. Forty-two years after coming to Winnsboro, in 1882, the Reverend Josiah Obear died. The 42 years he spent in Winnsboro, as minister and teacher, was a benediction to Page 58 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 the town. His benign influence touched everything. And if a grand old patriarch may live in his daughters, this godly man and teacher lived in two teachers, Miss Emily and Miss Kate Obear. Miss Emily Obear was associated with Prof. R. Means Davis when the first graded school, outside of Charleston, began in Winnsboro, and here she taught for more than one third of a century, the only women in the state, so far as the writer knows, who was retired on a pension, by legislative enactment. Her name is high on the roll of beloved teachers at Mt. Zion. Miss Kate Obear taught private schools in Winnsboro for about half a century. She died in her 90th year, February 19, 1942, having lived in Winnsboro nearly 87 years. Her “Throughout the Years in Old Winnsboro”, is a delightful account of life in the old town. She was the author of one other book; “Four Months at Glencairn.” Few persons have been so much beloved as these two noble women. Religious The religious history of Fairfield County is a theme worthy of a volume by itself. It would touch all phases of human life and thought, from the primitive to the highest development of theological research. From the experience reflected in the complaint of the Reverend Mr. Woodmason the Episcopal Rector of the Parish of St. Mark, about 1750, “Where I am there is neither beef nor mutton,—nor beer, cyder, or anything better than water. These people eat twice a day; their bread of Indian corn, pork in winter, bacon in summer. If any beef they jerk it, dry it in the sun, so you might as well eat deal board.” Then on through various modulations, and experiences, some worthy of the early Apostles, up to the highest reaches to “The Apostle of Reality”, the Rev. Dr. William Porcher DuBose, a native son of Fairfield, who in his day (1836-1918) was accounted one of the most brilliant theologians in America, and the only American whose works, for a time, were studied at Oxford, England. One feels that along side Dr. DuBose, in this connection should be placed another son of Fairfield, Dr. James H. Carlisle, not a minister, but for many years one of the profoundest religious thinkers of the State, and one who, as president of Wofford College, became the “Grand Old Man” of Methodism in South Carolina, and who, probably, influenced for good, more men in South Carolina, than any other man of his generation. What appears to be the first, more or less regularly, organized religious congregation in Fairfield is told of by Meriwether Expansion (Page 157); “on the east side of the Broad (river) a handful of settlers from Pennsylvanie, among them Thomas Owen, Jacob Conomore, and Lawrence Free, joined by Richard Gregory, from the Wateree valley, with his father and brother, EDUCATION AND Reuicious Lire 73 made the nucleus of two Seventh-Day Adventist congregations of uncertain history and identity, organized probably about the same time .(1740-50) John Pearson in the absence of an ordained minister, served both churches in the capacity of exhorter or lay preacher. Two letters of Pearson written in 1764 reveal his intense religious interest and activity.” Meriwether continues (page 158); “Another Baptist congregation was organized on Broad River in 1759 or 1760 by the Rev. Philip Mulkey, made up of members said to have come with him from Deep River, North Carolina. In 1762, however, moved to Fairforest Creek, about eight miles above the junction of that stream with Tyger River.” Page 59 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 In “A Brief Sketch of the Baptist beginnings in Fairfield County,” the Rev. J. P. Isenhower writes: “First church; This church was organized in 1770, by Rev. Philip Mulkey about three or four miles south of the old Kincaid (Anderson, now Heyward) home on Little River, near the old stage crossing known as Gibson’s ford. A plat of land was given by Jacob Gibson and a log house erected in 1771. This old church continued at this location until 1858, when it was moved to the site of the old Little River building, and in 1914 was moved to Monticello, and is now Inown as the Monticello Baptist church. Jacob Gibson, who gave the land came to South Carolina from Virginia, and was one of the charter members of this old church. In a short. time he decided to enter the ministry, and was ordained in 1771, and was called to the pastorate of this old church, then known by the name of Gibson’s Meeting House.” Mrs. Buford (Salley Hayne) Jackson, who had documentary evidence to support her statements, wrote in The News ana Herald, July 17, 1941: “The Rev. George Almund, a Baptist minister of Stockholm, Sweden, who it was said literally walked all over Europe, preaching, came to America in Colonial days to visit the churches here. In his observations he noted on a visit to Jacob Gibson’s church, known as Little River church, founded in 1767, two miles south of the present Brick Church, that the people ‘were very intelligent and original in their thinking.’ “*Mr. Gibson with his family moved to Fairfield from Virginia in 1762. He was a teacher and a preacher and devoted his life to propagating the seeds of the gospel and literary refinement in this new and scarcely civilized county.’ T4 Hisrory or F atrFievp County “Another distinguished godly man and scholar, John Nicholas Martin, a Lutheran preacher from Germany, in those early days built Bethesda Auf der Morven, a church in the southwestern part of Fairfield which was used by any denomination for services. Being an itinerant, he preached and taught over much of the county far north of Winnsboro, thus stamping his culture and piety on these scattered settlers. After many changes, even to its location, old Bethesda Auf der Morven, at last found itself on the site of the present Crooked Run Church, which many years hence became a Baptist church and received the name Crooked Run. It is said the old church was sold and the timbers were largely used to build a house near where Alex Robinson lives. “This place in Revolutionary days was owned by Stephen Gibson Ist, whose wife was a daughter of Barnaby Pope, the old Regulator. Two other famous Regulators were Thomas Woodward and Joseph Kirkland.” Probably one of the next earliest places of worship in the county was the Mobley Meeting House, in the north central part of the county. The Moberley-s, (Mobley) Beam-s, Wagner-s had come down from Maryland, and Virginia, about 1758. The Mobley Meeting House was built near where they settled. While the Moberley-s were originally Episcopalians this meeting house, so-called, was for the use of any denomination. It never became notable for religious worship, but its name lives because of an affray between Tories and Whigs during the Revolutionary War, when the Tories were put to rout. Page 60 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 A very notable man, whose regularly assigned church was about three miles across the line in Chester County, but who preached at Jackson Creek, Winnsboro, and the Wolf Pit, (now site of Mt. Olivet, Wateree Church) was the Rev. William Martin. He was a Covenanter preacher, a graduate of the University of Glascow, who came to America in 1772, and settled on Rocky Creek, Chester County. If as Bancroft and others say that the battle of King’s Mountain was the turning point of the Revolutionary War, then the Rev. William Martin may be considered as a contributing cause to American independence. The accounts given in Mrs. Ellet’s “Women of the Revolution, “volume 3, pages 117, and 164 indicate that sermons preached by Mr. Martin incited the successEpucatTion anp Retuiqious Lire 75 ful attack on the British at Beacham’s Old Field, which was followed by the affray at Mobley’s Meeting House in Fairfield. Musgrove’s Mills, Cowpens and King’s Mountain followed in succession. The first two named affrays McCrady designates as the first up-rising of the people after the fall of Charleston. The Covenanter church has disappeared in South Carolina, but its adherents became absorbed into the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church. After the Revolutionary war the Rev. T. H. McCaule, a Presbyterian minister was the first principal of Mt. Zion College, now academy, at Winnsboro, and the first graduating class of five members from that school all became ministers of the gospel. Mr. McCaule preached at what is now Mt. Olivet, and other Presbyterian Churches in the county. From a small volume entitled “Experience, Labors and Suffering of Rev. James Jenkins of the South Carolina Conference”, pages 156-8, the beginnings of Methodism in Fairfield are told: “1808 * * * “Jn the course of the year I was solicited to send an appointment to Winsborough, twenty-five miles from my residence. The wife of Captain Buchanan who resided in the place, entertaining some partiality for the Methodist Episcopal Church, in consequence of some of her relatives having recently become members; through a friend of the above named gentlemen and lady, I received an invitation to call at their house, in the event of my making an appointment. Accordingly upon my arrival at the place, I found these friends and was treated by them with great kindness and hospitality. Captain Buchanan had been an officer in the Revolution, and no one, perhaps, stood higher in the confidence and esteem of the whole district than himself. He and Mrs. B, considered themselves Presbyterians. A Presbyterian minister had charge of the academy, and preached in the courthouse, though he had no organized church. “On my first visit I preached in the courthouse in the morning; but in consequence of the indisposition of Mrs. B. I preached in the afternoon at the captain’s house. He censured my preaching in one respect, viz., it was too loud for him. The minister objected to my preaching there altogether, on the grounds of unkindness. He said to one of my friends, that it was like taking bread out of his mouth. I thought, if bread was all that he was after, it 76 Hisrory or FarrFiELD CoUNTY made no matter how soon he lost it. I had no disposition to give up for so flimsy a reason as that. Captain Buchanan asked me if I thought of raising a society; and I made him answer in the affirmative, he made no reply, but his looks seemed to say: Page 61 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 ‘I know not whence they are to be obtained’; for it had not entered his mind yet to join himself. From this time I preached for them regularly once in three weeks. “1809. Some time in the spring of this year I invited Captain B. and his wife to attend the Camden camp meeting. They did so and both professed religion. When he returned he got his close friend, (and brother Mason) to promise that he would attend a camp meeting near Columbia. This was Captain Harris, who, when the time arrived, took his wife, and in company with those above mentioned set out for the above place. At a very early stage of the meeting Harris became powerfully awakened, and sought the Lord, both in the altar and in the woods; and before the meeting closed both he and his wife were made to rejoice in the knowledge of sins forgiven. “T asked Captain Buchanan, if he now thought we should have a society in Winsborough? He replied: ‘Oh, yes, we shall have one now.’ At my next appointment there, these four, and a Major Moore, joined the church. I read our rules in the courthouse, and then gave out class meetings for the afternoon in brother Buchanan’s house. I invited every one and any one who wished to know the nature of these meetings to attend; telling them I should take the liberty of speaking to them all about their souls, as I supposed none but well disposed and serious persons would be present. At the appointed hour, we had a room full—about twenty- five—a solomn and profitable meeting. “Not long after this I told brother Buchanan that I had been thinking about having a church built; said he, ‘I have done more than think about it; I have spoken to a man to make the bricks.’ “Meeting with some difficulty in procuring a suitable site for a church, he wrote to an acquaintance in Savannah, who owned several lots in the place, to know if he would dispose of one for this purpose; in reply to which the gentleman begged to enjoy the pleasure of presenting the society with the lot they desired. This, of course, was gratefully accepted and before the close of the year the building was commenced, and in 1810 it was dedicated by Brother R. Pierce, presiding elder, about which time it was taken into the circuit.” EpucatTion anp Reticious Lire rir a In Bishop Asbury’s journal there are mentions of visits to Fairfield in 1809-10-11- 12 and 1814. Two following are given: “1809. Monday. A cold ride to William Heath’s on Fishing Creek. I met a congregation on Tuesday in a log cabin, scarcely fit for a stable. To my surprise a number of United States officers came up; I invited them in; these gentlemen are attached to an establishment at Rocky Mount; they behaved with all the propriety that I expected of them. Wednesday brought us where a sermon was expected and I gave them one. I made an acquaintance with a venerable pair— Mr. Buchanan and wife, Presbyterians, and happy in the experience of religion. A brick chapel is building at Winnsboro for the Methodists. We lodged at William Lewis’, but late emerging into light. On Thursday we had a ride of 25 miles to Mr. Watson’s. It rained excessively on Friday, yet I visited James Jenkins, and baptised his child, Elizabeth Asbury Jenkins, We reached Camden on Saturday. Page 62 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 December 7, 1810. We reached the F ishing Dam in the evening. Our sister Glenn went to glory about 12 months ago; her exit was made in full triumph of faith. Saturday crossed Broad River at Clark’s ferry, and pressed forward to Mr. Means’s. Here, and it seldom happens that I seek such a shelter, we were under the roof of a rich man; we were treated with much politness and kindness. Great fatigue, my lame horse, and unknown roads where we lose ourselves, are small trials; but as thy day so shall thy strength. We are not, nor have we been lately, much amongst our own people; but it has made little difference in the article of expense—the generous Carolinians are polite and kind, and will not take our money. Sabbath. At Winnsborough I preached to a few people. We have a pretty chapel here; John Buchanan and Jesse Harris are chiefs in this work. On Monday we came to J. Jenkin’s after s1X years rest and local usefulness he means to travel again. Frequently riding 120 miles in four days, and sometimes 45 miles a day. Previous to 1808; the year of the beginning of the Methodist Church in Winnsboro, the overwhelming, if not entire church membership there was Presbyterian, and this condition worked a placid and self-satisfaction, that dulled efforts, and produced religious inertia similar to that which obtained in the low-country with the Episcopal Church which was the government supported church until the beginning of the Revolution. And considering the overwhelming superiority in numbers of the more aggressive denominations such as the Methodist and Baptist denominations at the present time (1942) this inertia has never been wholly dispelled. In 1826, according to Mills (page 548) there were ten Presbyterian Churches of minor differences, six Methodist, five Baptist, one Episcopalian, and one unorganized Universalist. Following the Revolutionary War to the present religious activity increased, and kept pace with the increasing population, and the influence of the ministers of the gospel had a decided and notable influence upon the people of the county. James Rogers, a native of county Monaghan, Ireland, but a graduate of the University of Glascow, and educated in theology in Scotland, became pastor of Ebenezer Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church (the Brick Church) in 1791. In 1800 he established the Jefferson-Monticello academy, and taught and preached until his death in 1830. James Boyce, D.D., succeeded James Rogers at the Brick Church. He was a graduate of Jefferson College, Pennsylvania. During his pastorates of the Brick Church and of New Hope, for nine years he published “The Christian Magazine of the South” a monthly magazine under the patronage of his Synod. The last 18 years of his life he held a professorship in the church thological seminary at Due West. He died in 1889. During the 14 years, from 1836 to 1851, when what is now Furman University, Greenville, S. C., had part of its beginnings in Fairfield about three miles west of Winnsboro, Dr. J. C. Furman and his associates in that school had a great influence in Fairfield. Its effects can be noted to this day. Page 63 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Mills (1826) says: “The Episcopalians have one small church, (in Fairfield County) lately founded in Winnsborough.” At the celebration of the centennial of St. Stephen’s, Ridgeway, September 24, 1939, Charles Edward Thomas said: “The Protestant Episcopal Church had its beginning at Ridgeway 100 years ago tomorrow, September 25, when the Rev. Cranmore Wallace, missionary in charge of St. John’s Winnsborough, on Wednesday, September, 1838, following the reading of the second lesson in the morning service, held in the Aimwell Presbyterian Epucation ano Reuicgious Lire 79 Meeting House (Church) christened,” certain persons naming them. In “Through the Years in Old Winnsboro,” Miss Kate Obear, the author, says, writing of her father, the Reverend Josiah Obear: “He was sent to Winnsboro, May 10, 1841. There were few Episcopalians then living permanently in the town, but several families from the Low Country spent their summers there. A church was soon built, and the congregation grew.” In 1942 for whites there were in Fairfield County 13 Methodist Churches, 14 Baptists with a membership of 1648, eight Presbyterian Churches with a membership of about 875, four Associate Reform Presbyterian with a membership of about 285, two Episcopal Churches, one Lutheran with one other preaching point, one Church of the Nazarine, one Pentacostal Holiness, and one Mormon Church. With a white population of 9,300 in 1826 against 8,000 in 1942, there were many more churches and apparently a considerably larger membership in 1942. According to the best available information in 1942 there were Negro churches in Fairfield County as follows: 39 Baptist Churches, 20 Methodist, seven Presbyterian, one Episcopal, one House of Prayer, and one Holiness Church, a total of 69. So far as known there were no separate churches for Negroes before the Confederate War, the Negroes being members of the same churches with the white people. It is well nigh impossible to give details of many gifts to schools and churches in Fairfield. Many of these are mentioned in connections with the history of special schools and churches. Of others there is no mention and. what follows is by no means complete, but they have not been mentioned elsewhere in the history. Burrell Brown Cook gave land and was largely instrumental in building Shiloh Methodist Church, Jenkinsville. The descendants of Governor John Hugh Means gave 14 acres of land to the Monticello high school. Miss Agnes Margaret Stewart, who spent the last years of her life in Charlotte, N. C., but who was from Lebanon Presbyterian Church congregation gave the handsome brick-granite building, which was dedicated in 1934, and which cost exceeding $10,000. The gift of a community building and other property to the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church of Winnsboro by Mr. and Mrs. J. O. Boag in 1933. The proceeds of the estate going to the church was about $40,000. Leighton M. Hawes, who died in December, 1939, left his estate, consisting of dwellings, farms, stores and cash to Union Memorial Presbyterian Church, near Page 64 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Winnsboro. The total benefaction amounted to more than $50,000, the church and equipment costing about $30,000. The first Elders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (commonly called Mormons) came in Fairfield County, S. C., in February, 1894. They held their first meeting in an old gin house in April, 1894. Mr. Jacob Freeman, a non-member, gave the land to build the first church on. July 3, 1897, this church was burned to the ground by people who did not believe in this religion. People were continually joining the church and they were persecuted for their belief. The Elders were severely whipped for teaching this Gospel but that did not stop it. Another church was built in the fall of 1898. This church was used until February, 1899, and it was also burned. Another church was built in 1920. It was used until January, 1928, and it was partly blown down by a storm. This church was too small to accommodate the people so in the spring and summer of 1941 another church was built by the side of the old one which cost above six thousand dollars. The church has grown in Fairfield County from 17 members to several hundred (1948). None of them are persecuted these days for their belief. The teachings of this church has brought people in this community out of darkness into light. Page 65 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 CHAPTER IX HISTORY OF RIDGEWAY The situation of Ridgeway defines the line of demarcation between the long leaf pine district of the Low Country and the hardwood timber belonging to the mountains of the Appalachian range. The Bank of Ridgeway, the 2nd oldest bank in the state, when Mr. Roosevelt closed the banks in the states. This bank closed its doors but immediately opened when the banks were re-opened. There are five churches—Methodist, Episcopal, Presbyterian and Baptist—one Negro Baptist (1942). About 1845 the railroad between Charlotte and Columbia was built. Mr. Edward Gendron Palmer, at the instigation of his father-in-law, Dr. James Davis, then residing in Columbia, moved from St. Stephen’s Parish in the Low Country to escape the annual epidemic of malaria to the “fair fields” of the upper country, building a beautiful home, “Valencia.” The railroad called in sport “Palmer’s Gin House” route on account of the deflection made in order to follow the “ridge way” between Charlotte and Columbia. Mr. Palmer was nade president of the road and served without salary for years. The road had been completed some time, but the scale on which it was built and managed had no relation to the present condition. The track was laid on light stringer rails, the engine light and smal], The first telegraph wires were stretched from tree to tree, whenever this was possible. Children and ignorant passerby along the line broke the glass insulators and stole the wire almost before the line was completed, so the attempt failed. The only use of the dangling wire was to endanger the feet of horses and passing travelers. It remained for the Confederate government to make better provision for rapid communication, and not until later was the telegraphic communication permanently established. In the early 50’s there were only 4 dwelling houses in sight of the depot: these were the homes of Mr. Arthur Craig, the agent who was part of the railroad for so many years, Mrs, Catherine Ross Davis, Col. Henry C. Davis, and the handsome early colonial brick home of Mr. James B. Coleman. After the war it was used for a hotel, the young people adored dancing in the large high ceilinged dinning room with its huge open fireplace. There were two stores owned by Mr. John C. Boulware and Mr. Robert Walker. There was no depot for a short time. Passengers came from Camden to catch the train. Should anyone see the carriage or buggy with galloping horses rushing up the Longtown road the train was held until it arrived and unloaded. The first depot was a small rather open building. In the late 70’s it was replaced by a large building with a covered shed 200 feet long where the cotton bales were stored during the fall and winter. Page 66 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 We had no auditorium, so when the “Dramatic Club” was organized, sponsored by Dr. and Mrs. Harry Edmunds, the sides were enclosed with bagging. A stage with dressing rooms was built in the far end and here the young actors held forth. Two of the high lights were a comedy, “Who’s Who,” and a tragedy, “Lady Andley’s Secret,” played to a capacity house, a great number coming from Winnsboro in buggies to attend. In the 90’s the present building was erected. In the early history of Ridgeway there were only two churches, the St. Stephen’s Episcopal chapel built in 1854, and Aimwell Presbyterian Church built in 1859. In the early 70’s David H. Ruff moved into the village, coming from the Ruff plantation in Richland County, opening a general merchandise store with a nephew, A Fletcher Ruff, partner. After establishing his business he built a handsome early colonial home. Mr. Ruff, an ardent and devoted Methodist, now turned his attention to the need of the Methodists. At the cross roads just on the edge of the now incorporated limits of the town, the Masons had erected a two-story building for a lodge. Mr. Ruff succeeded in getting the lower floor and opened a Sunday school and prayer service. In a short while a thriving union Sunday school was established, Mr. Joseph Lanhorn, leader. This was a temporary arrangement and did not satisfy Mr. Ruff, who had higher ideals of the obligations of the followers of John and Charles Wesley. He attended conference and demanded a preacher. Conference sent the Rev. Jesse Clifton, a red headed, fiery, charming, earnest, shouting Methodist. The only adverse criticism ever heard of Mr. Clifton was from the mothers of sleeping infants. In those hardworking days mothers carried their offspring, young and old, to church. There were devious ways of keeping them quiet, biscuits, gum drops, and often a new baby was fed from the life-giving fountain, its mother’s breast, discreetly covered with a large handkerchief. Mr. Lanhorn, a large, up-standing man, raised the hymns with a big voice. He was a nephew of Uncle Davy, as most people called Mr. Ruff, and thus began the services in the Masonic hall. Still Uncle Davey was not satisfied. In the late 70’s he built a church, large and comfortable. Neither did this suit Mr. Ruff’s idea of the dignity and fitness of worshipping God. In 1872 Ruff’s chapel was completed and dedicated shortly after. In the casting of the bell Mr. Ruff gave $60 in silver to mellow its tone. It was the only church bell in town. In fact there was only one other bell in the entire town, hung in the belfry of the town hall, rung at 9 o’clock in the evening to clear the streets, or for fire or an unusual event. When the wife of Fletcher Ruff, a nephew of Uncle Davey’s, gave birth to a son, after presenting him four daughters, the Presbyterian minister, Mr. Wilson, climbed up to the bell, clad in his night shirt, to announce the great event. Page 67 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 The following is quoted from a pamphlet published by the Ridgeway Business League some years ago. The Bank of Ridgeway, established 1899, W. Herbert Ruff, president, C. P. Wray, vice-president and cashier, Norman Palmer, teller, has a paid up capital of $25,000.00, with a surplus of $1,700.00 and has annually declared an 8 per cent dividend. There are now Episcopal, Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian churches supplied with regular service. Two orders, Masons and Pythians, each with a large membership, with a Woman’s Book Club and a Civic League. The town is abundantly lighted by a system of arc lamps, 1,000 candlepower each, and keeps in touch with the outside world through an admirable telephone system. Two dental parlors and one drug store, two livery stables and a well conducted hotel. Through recently expending $6,000 for a high school and $10,000 for the erection of a Town Hall, the financial management of the municipality has been so efficiently guarded that the public service is adequately maintained with the low rate of 114 mills taxation. The Enterprise Mill now in erection with a capacity of 600 bushels of meal and hominy per day. The following is a description of life at Ridgeway as seen by the Sage of Fairfield, “Mossy Dale,” in a news letter to The News and Herald: Speaking of Ridgeway, I reckon there were more money and more families in the class of the Upper Ten than could be found in any other town of the same size. There were the Davises, the Palmers, the Edmunds, the DesPortes, the Ruffs, the Thomases, the Kennedys., the Johnsons, Meares, Bolicks, the Wrays, and many others. If they had pooled their money they could have bought a big share of Columbia.” Logtown—Longtown The settlement known as Long-town was established in this wise: Through the wooded land ran a picturesque Indian trail. Over the high spots went the trail. This trail was chosen for homes. Long log houses were built, and the settlement was called Logtown. The Peays, Joneses, Harrisons and Dixsons builded along the trail. Before the Confederate War much wealth was accumulated, finer, larger homes were built and so the name became Longtown. -An academy was also built near the Kershaw line, with Prof. McCandless (?) in charge. The professor was an educator of high type, coming from the family of McCandlers of Georgia. Young women attended from Camden, Liberty Hill and Longtown (the former boarders) a what we call a grammar school was connected with the academy. The professor had many visits from the irate mothers of the small boys he whipped. ARCHITECTURE IN FAIRFIELD In his Senior Thesis at Princeton, (N. J.) University, of May 16, 1936, Thomas K. Elliott, made a scholarly “Consideration of the Architecture of the South Carolina Page 68 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Piedmont Region from 1750 to 1880,” * * * “dllustrated specifically by examples of that type of architecture in Fairfield County, especially in those buildings within a reasonable distance from Winnsboro.” Hisrory or Ripceway 85 Mr. Elliott says: “There is, essentially, one type of plan which is used in this region. It is not at all of local development, but one which has become popular throughout the eastern coast of this country, and was used especially in the South. * * * Therefore the plan, per se, cannot be criticised as a southern development. “However, the southern use of this plan has many points in its favor. It is intrinsically suitable since it contains all the accommodations required by the land owner. That is to say; a hall (an American reduction of the English Renaissance salon at the entrance), living room, parlor, dinning room, library or study, and bedrooms. Houses are generally two and a half stories high, but the essential plan is not altered in houses three stories high. “There is no particular difficulty arising from the orientation. Houses fairly seldom face south, unless they are placed in a clump of trees and amply protected from the sun. Generally speaking, the main axis of the house is placed in an east- west direction if possible, thereby having at least one porch in the paths of the eastern and western breezes. This is almost imperative because of the climate. People generally use the porches about six or seven months out of the year, especially in the evening. * * * “There were few ideas about labor-saving devices, and there was no need to think of them. An abundance of slaves solved the problem. * * * “As regards the placing of rooms, there is a fairly common arrangement. Suppose, for example, that the house faces east, The large room on the north will be the parlor ; on the south the main living room; behind it, the den or library ; and the dining room is on the north at the rear. The library and dining rooms are frequently placed in the reverse order. If the house is fairly large, such as the Kincaid or old Ketchin house, there is most frequently, an upstairs sitting room, usually placed above the living room. The other second floor rooms consist of bed rooms. * * * “Plumbing was non-existent until about 1880, or thereabout and, generally, a ‘dressing room’ with portable equipment solved the problem (as to toilets). * * * “Most houses have a porch running the length of the rear side, and very frequently there is another on the second floor. These porches, especially the one on the second floor, were used a great 86 Hisrory oF FArrriELD CoUNTY deal, and they were quite often shaded by shuttered partitions. * * * “The most obvious feature is the treatment of columns. In the McCreight house, my earliest example, the columns are of the simplest type. * * * The Sitgreaves house shows a later development. The protective mouldings at the corners have become larger. There is rather a heavy effect produced by the thick columns, and the large entablature above. * * * The same thing may be seen in the Robertson house. The columns are still vertical, but they have acquired fluitings. * * * The more monumental type of house, such as the Williford house, repeats the scheme, but the columns have acquired added grace by the use of diminution. But this takes place 100 years after the McCreight house. * * * Page 69 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 “Both types of gardens, the formal and the informal were used. (In the informal garden) the charm lies in the beauty of the trees and shrubs, but they have little or no relation to the effect of the garden asa whole. * * * “The formal garden is quite a different matter. Even the smaller country homes of the middle financial class had their small gardens laid out in geometric designs made with English boxwood, and bordered with flowers and shrubs. The larger houses often had sizable areas landscaped, one home (the Pearson residence) in the county having 25 acres ‘in fruits and flowers.’ “The gardens or terraces of the Kincaid plantation are, from the standpoint of landscaping, among the most effective in the Piedmont. They are extremely simple, being merely a series of six terraces, about 100 feet long and of varying widths, each from six to ten feet below the other. A series of granite steps leads down to the stream below the last terrace. Some of the terraces were laid out in box in simple geometric designs, but the old design and the original plants have been replaced. All the walls were built of granite and were covered with ivy and jessamine. The first or topmost terrace is entirely paved with bricks, which have a striped kind of design. “The only two rather distinguished gardens in the county of which some trace remains are those surrounding the Robertson and Boylston residences (in Winnsboro) John Grimke Drayton* was the designer of both. He is best known for the collection of azaleas, and the landscaping around Drayton Hall, now generally *(Not Mr. Drayton but his English gardener is said to have done these.) known as Magnolia Gardens. * * * “The Robertson gardens are only semi-formal. There are merely a series of box and mockorange hedges, surrounding two grass plots about 85 feet wide, on either side of the walk. * * * “The Boylston gardens are perhaps Drayton’s best up-country work. The red clay soil of Fairfield County was not considered suitable for the native and foreign plants to be placed in this garden, and carloads of sandier soil were brought from the adjacent county until the entire plot of land was covered”. Then followed a list of about 35 rare plants, trees, shrubs and herbs, which were planted in this garden, and which were in good state of preservation in 1941. “Another feature which may be due partially to low-country influence, was that of having the house supported on piers from four to ten feet above ground level. There was belief in swampier sections of the state that malaria could more easily be contracted near the ground, and houses were consequently raised above ground level. But another reason just as strong, is that of the desire for extra ventilation. However, there is an archaeological reason also, and it is more convincing than either of the above mentioned reasons. These houses came directly out of the English type of house, and the high basements were characteristics of them. “Houses with large dormers were quite frequently used in the Piedmont. “Another characteristic which seems to have been used quite regularly throughout the Piedmont is that of a transom or light above the front door, extending over both the door itself and the light on either side. Page 70 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 The houses described by Mr. Elliott were; the McCreight house on Vanderhorst street, in Winnsboro. The James Cathcart house, also on Vanderhorst street, near and opposite the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church cemetery. The Sitgreaves house, formerly the J. M. Elliott house, northeast corner of Congress and College streets. The Johnson house, now the Manse of the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church. The old Ketchin house, the three storied brick house, right on the sidewalk, on Congress street, near the passenger depot. The house was built by Mrs. Mariah Porcher from Charleston. The Robertson house, now owned and occupied by the Doty family, and formerly owned by Judge W. R. Robertson, on the southern edge of the town, below and on the opposite of the railroad from the Fairfield Inn. Built for W. B. R., by Col. William McCreight. The Williford house, on Congress street, next to the Sitgreaves house. This is the house in which the Obear-s lived, and is described in Miss Kate Obear’s “Old Winnsboro.” At that time, it was owned, probably, by H. B. McMaster, Sr. The Boylston house, on lower Congress street, opposite and below the freight depot. It is now, 1941, owned by Dr. J. C. Buchanan, Sr., Built for Boylston by Mr. Ligon. The Kirkpatrick house. This on the corner of Liberty and Vanderhorst street, near the Johnson house and on the opposite side of the street. The Kincaid house, about ten miles west of Winnsboro, now “Heyward Hall”, it having been restored by Dan Heyward and occupied in 1943 by this widow. Page 71 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 CHAPTER X BIRDS OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY By H. E. Ketchin, 1942 REsidents: Mocking bird, Blue bird, Dove, Carolina Wren, Red-headed woodpecker, Flicker, Downy woodpecker, Hairy woodpecker, Pileated woodpecker, Red-bellied woodpecker, Chipping sparrow, English sparrow, Fox sparrow, Brown thrasher, Bob White, Robin, Starling, Snipe, Woodcock, Summer duck, Blue jay, Crow, Turkey buzzard, Carrion crow, Screech owl, Hoot owl, Black-bird, lue heron, White heron, Sparrow-hawk, Rabbit hawk, Blue darter hawk, Cardinal, Wild turkey, Pigeon. Summer Residents: Great crested flycatcher, Blue gray gnat catcher, Wood pewee, Purple martin, Bank swallow, Chimney swift, Summer tanager, Vereo, Catbird, Ruby- throated Hummingbird, Woodthrush, Chuck, Will’s-widow, Night-hawk, Kalldeer, Field lark, Indigo bird, Purple or blue grossbeak, Baldeagle, Fishing eagle, Kite, Kingfisher, Blue crane and White crane, Yellow-breasted Chat, Orchard oriole, King bird, Titmouse, Cowbird, Grackle, Shrike, Towhee. Passengers: Scarlet tanager, Goldfinch, Purple finch, Rosebreasted grossbeak, Waxwing, Cedarbird, Redstart, Whitethroated sparrow, Junco, Whip-poor-will, Bobolink, Coot Creeper, Bittern, Creeper. WILD ANIMALS IN FAIRFIELD COUNTY By H. Exxiorr Ketcurtn, 1942 Deer were common up to 1880. Two varieties of foxes, red and grey. Raccoons. Wildcats. O’possums, our only marsupial. Cottontail rabbits (hare). Fox and gray squirrels and flying squirrels. Warf rats and Blue rats (imported), Wood rats, and Musk rats. Minks and weasels. Leather-winged bats. Moles, Mice. Hugh S. Wylie, in 1943, when he was 76 years old, writing in Lhe News and Herald, says that in his boyhood, which means about the early 1880's, there were a few deer within four miles of Winnsboro; that somewhat earlier, “during the fall I saw not thousands but hundreds of thousands, possibly millions, of wild pigeons in their flight. They would sometimes darken the sky, and would cover the oak trees from which they were picking acorns; that about this time wild turkeys were plentiful within three or four miles of Winnsboro. T. C. Camak, “Mossy Dale”, in substance confirms these statements. Page 72 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 CHAPTER XI HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD By James H. Carlisle* Dr. James H. Carlisle, born in Winnsboro in 1825, received his primary education at Mt. Zion. In 1880 delivered an address on the “History of Fairfield” which was published in the Winnboro News and Herald January 23, and The (Columbia) State January 24, 1907. Omitting the opening parts which were founded on statements found in Mills (1826) Statistices, reproduced herein, the address was as follows: Phillip Edward Pearson, writing in 1834, says: “In 1792 witches abounded in Fairfield. A court of witch doctors was held at the house of Thomas Hill, five miles below Winnsboro. Four persons were tried, found guilty and punished by stripes and burning their feet at a bark fire so that their soles came off. I can barely remember having seen one of the sisterhood in the hands of the officers of this court, a poor old German woman 70 years of age, going to the place of trial, and afterwards to have seen the scars of the cowskin on her arms and shoulders:” The Witche’s Oak Some now present may remember an old oak near the southwest corner of the court house, called the Liberty tree. Tradition says that witches were whipped perhaps burned at this spot. The eulogy on the land around here by Lord Cornwallis is well known. Speaking to Walter Robertson, he is reported as saying: “T can conceive no finer region, taking into consideration its fertile soil, mild climate, its long drawn beautiful valleys and glorious highlands.” And, no doubt, these grand old hills, when in their native dress, did present an appearance which we, who look upon them now in their barrenness, can not conceive. Much of the upland, even of this portion of the State, was then covered with luxuriant wild vines and canes as high as a man’s head on the ordinary ground. On some places the canes rose from 20 to 30 feet in height. * Dr. James Henry Carlisle, “South Carolina’s greatest son” as the foreword to the memorial to him begins, was born in Winnsboro, S. C. 1825 and died in Spartanburg, S. C. 1909. The days of his youth were spent in Winnsboro and there under the famous J. W. Hudson at Mt. Zion he received his academic education. He graduated with second honors at the South Carolina College in the class of 1844. He was elected to the original faculty of Wofford College in 1853 and there he remained as professor, president and president emeritus until his death in 1909. It is not too much to say that this “Grand Old Man of Methodism”, as he was known, was the strongest moral force of his day in South Carolina. But we turn from nature and animals to the men who subdued the one and exterminated the other. The settlers of that day were chiefly from Great Britain. Dutchman’s creek bears witness to a small element from the continent. Here as elsewhere, the names of the streams and settlements have in them instructive history, as, for instance, Beaver creek, Horse branch, Fox creek, HempPatch creek, Wolf-Pit church, Page 73 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Alligator creek, Old Cow Pen. In the upper part of our county in a Dumper’s creek. I have spent many happy hours on its banks when a boy, but could never find the origin of the name, whether a family man or a corruption of Dumper’s creek. If this is the origin, it may join with Sauney’s creek in the lower part of the country, in bearing witness to the Scotch element in the colony. The English, Scotch, Irish and Welsh, in some cases, came directly from Great Britain, induced by letters sent back with glowing accounts of this new country. In other cases they came by way of Pennsylvania or Virginia. The names York, Chester, Lancaster, which they repeated in Pennsylvania and again in this State, bear witness to the love for the names in the old country. Just as later colonies from our State to the distant West have carried to Louisiana and Texas the name of Winnsboro. A diary of one of those early settlers in this spot would be full of interest now. Their daily round of duties, their engagements and recreations, their labors and pastimes, would seem strange to us, their descendants. The historian describes their dress as follows: Hunting shirt, leggins and moccasins adorned with buckles and beads. The hair was clubbed and tied up in a deerskin or silk bag. Or, at times, the fashion was to shave off the hair and wear white linen caps with ruffles around. The women’s dress was long-eared caps, Virginia sunbonnets, short gowns, long gowns, stays, quilted petticoats, high wooden heels. It was common for the men to attend church in shirt sleeves. One important and profitable business was cow-driving. The uplands afforded excellent pasturage for stock. These were sometimes killed for their skins, but most usually were driven to Charleston or, in some cases, to New York. Another business full of excitement and profit was hunting. Many a drove of pack mules has gone from this region down to Charleston laden with buffalo tongues, or skins of the beaver, panther or bear. After breadstuffs one of the first articles to repay the labor of the farm was tobacco. Far down into the present century hogsheads of tobacco were carried down to Columbia or Charleston. Each hogshead was on a truck, or rather each was made into a truck by putting wheels to it and a single horse was hitched to it. Two fairs were held annually for many years, in May and October, from Tuesday until Friday, for the sale of horses, cattle, grain, hemp, flax, tobacco and indigo. In that simple age these fairs answered in place of daily paper, arrival of cars and public days. No historian was there to record it, so that we are left to fancy the different currents of business, politics, friendship, love and gossip, news from “home,” which met on this spot, when the dwellers in their streams came together with the gathered curiosity and excitment of a half year. Here all the passions which elevate or degrade, refine or corrupt our nature found their excitment and gratification. “The thoughts we are thinking, they too would think, From the death we are shrinking from, they too would shrink, To the life we are clinging to, they too would cling, But it sped from their grasp, like a bird on the wing.” It may be feared that these fairs were often a faithful imitation of the Irish original, the glass of grog and the shelalah not excepted. These fairs came down in some form to the memory of some now living, but after the organization of county courts, court week and salesdays gradually supplanted them. In the country places the transition stage was long marked by the itinerant peddler, that very necessary character in a certain stage in the history of civilization. The population here was not so homogeneous as in some of the adjoining districts as York and Chester. Page 74 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Whig and Tory were more equally divided. The bloody scout never came east of Broad River, but the dwellers on these hills took different views of interest and duty when the great question of allegiance come to the last decisive test. Communities, and families even, were divided. Whig and Tory were next door neighbors, using, in some instances, the same spring, watching, and even waylaying each other. This gave rise to many incidents of personal daring and suffering. But these divisions were not as lasting after the war as might have been expected. There were noble spirits on the conquering side who rose to the height from which they could say to the weaker party. “We have disarmed you by force, we will now conquer you by kindness.” Many of the last survivors of those times refused to tell the younger generation the names of those who had taken the wrong side. In many cases the children of those who had fought each other formed alliances of business, friendship, or even love, and thus sympathies and affection flowed together again like “sister streams which some rude interposing rock had split.” This 1s doubtless one reason why so many incidents of the Revolution have perished, or, torn from the details of time, person and place, which alone give an incident a definite existence or a vivid place on the historic page, have lost all local interest. Some may lament, others may affect to despise or be ashamed of this trait of our nature, but, if you call it a weakness, it is not without its alleviations and its compensations. It would be sad indeed, and would go farther to make society intolerable, if the intense passions of war should be handed down, uncalmed, through years of peace. Cornwallis’ Headquarters Our district is not so rich in Revolutionary incidents and associations as either one of our neighbors, York, Chester, Lancaster or Kershaw. No battle was fought in this county. After the fall of Charleston the first ray of light in the general gloom which followed (June, 1779) was from a gallant little affair planned in Winnsboro by Bratton, Winn and McClure, and carried out at Mobley’s Meeting house, 12 miles west of this, where the Tories had a little garrison. The gallant Sumter alluded to this exploit with pride many years after in congress. The chief association which binds Winnsboro to the Revolution arises from a short residence of Cornwallis after the battle of King’s Mountain, which took place October 7, 1780. After the fall of Charleston, in the spring of that year, the state was considered a conquered province and Cornwallis, then chief commander in the South, had begun his northern march to finish the work. But when the success at King’s Mountain (October) revived the hopes of the colonists, he fell back from Charlotte to this place, in order to take his position between Green at Cheraw and Morgan at Ninety-Six, Abbeville. He left Charlotte October 14, 1780, and reached here October 29. The tradition in Chester is that his lordship, a few miles below that place, turned aside to his left, either for water or forage or safety, and opened the road which, coming by Hopewell Church on Rocky Creek, joins the main road again at Cockrell’s, eight miles above this place. He stayed here until early in January, 1781. His hospital was over the branch beyond the Presbyterian Church. The smallpox was among his troops during their stay here and some graves can be seen there within the memory of those now living. Traditions still linger among us about an attempt to shoot the general on one of his daily rides down the Camden road. John and Minor Winn were the persons who formed the daring plot. They were arrested, tried and sentenced to death, but pardoned. The Rock spring, east of the freight depot, supplied the camp. His lordship’s quarters are said to have been at the intersection of Washington and Walnut Page 75 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 streets. Sumter was hovering about him while here and once or twice came within a few miles of the camp. At last Cornwallis sent Wenyss to surprise Sumter, then on the banks of the Broad River, near Fishdam ford. In this attempt the brave but unfortunate British officer signally failed. I have heard the venerable Benjamin Hart of Columbia say that he was at school on Little River at the time, and on the Ist of January he came into Winnsboro and saw his lordship review his troops. Extracts from Tarleton’s Memoirs, after minute inquires and examinations: “Wynnesbourg presented the most numerous advantages. Its spacious plantations yielded a tolerable post, its centrical situation between the Broad River and Wateree afforded protection to Ninety-Six and Camden, and its vicinity to the Dutch Fork and a rich country in the rear promised abundant supplies of flour, forage and cattle.” About the people—“the friends hereabout are so timid and so stupid that I can get no intelligence.” Letter to Tarleton dated Wynnesborough, November 23, 8 p. m.—“I have no doubt but that your victory will be attended with good consequences to our affairs as it is with honor and credit to yourself. I shall be glad to hear that Sumter can give us no further trouble. He certainly has been our greatest plague in the country.” December 4— Rugely will not be made a brigadier.” Cornwallis left this camp on the 7th or 8th of J anuary and was at Turkey Creek, 25 miles distant, when the battle of Cowpens (January 17, 1781) took place. Tarleton says: “Terguson’s fall at King’s Mountain put a period to the first expedition into North Carolina and the affair at Cowpens overshadowed the commencement of the second.” No one has fully done for Fairfield what J udge O’Neale did for Newberry, or Daniel Stinson for Chester. There are at least two instances to show the dangers of postponing the work of collecting and printing these chronicles. We allude to the history of Fairfield, especially the western part of it, by Phillip Edmund Pearson, and the history of Mount Zion by Col. W. McCreight. It would be a work worthy of the best committee the citizens could appoint to see if these manuscripts are still in existence and to place them beyond the casualties to which single copies of manuscript are exposed. There are facts in each which can scarcely be replaced by any living man or existing books. “Col. Pearson left Winnsboro in 1838, before many present were born, and after spending the closing years of his life in the wilds of Texas, recalling the scenes of his youth and his recollections of the facts and incidents he had heard from older men. Some present can recall him as he used to daily walk from his office, on the spot where one of the stores in George McMaster’s large brick building stands, to his dwelling, now owned by Maj. J. R. Aiken. Perhaps more than one present may have recalled his first idea of a large library “from the well-filled shelves of his law office,” as we passed it daily to school. Col. Pearson was fond of historical and antiquarian researches. He wrote the article on Fairfield district in Mills’ Statistics, a book perhaps little known, as copies are scarce. It was published in 1826. Perhaps the list of its Fairfield subscribers even may be of interest. The names are: James Barclay, Thomas Means, David Aiken, Caleb Clarke, Joseph Campbell, James Campbell, I. Means, J. B. McCall, P. E. Pearson, Jacob Feaster, Samuel M. Stafford. Perhaps every one of these have been striken from the “roll of living men!” The venerable Col. William McCreight is remembered by many, as his long and exemplary life was prolonged to within a few years of the late war. When the feebleness of age prevented him from the activities of outward life, he lived his younger days over again and employed his quiet hours in writing down the history of Page 76 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Mount Zion institute and of the Presbyterian Church, which sprung from it. Only a few items can be given here. Mt. Zion Society The Mount Zion society was incorporated February 12, 1777, just before the opening of the war. It claims in the charter to be for the purpose of founding, endowing and supporting a public school in the district of Camden, for the education and instruction of youth. The constitution is prefaced by a quotation from Isaiah, “Arise, shine for thy light is come, and the glory of the Lord is risen upon thee. To appoint unto them that mourn in Zion, to give unto them beauty for ashes, the oil of joy for mourning,” etc. This quotation most probably suggested the name. The first president was Col. John Winn, and the wardens, Gen. William Strother and Capt. Robert Ellison. In a few years the membership ran up to 264 names. At this time a Mr. Humphreys taught school here. Perhaps before him as teacher was Henry Mire, who, a young man then, taught the Rock Spring academy, somewhere in this vicinity. He lived three miles west of this place and on public occasions was a conspicuous and honored visitor to the village. When Charleston fell the school stopped for a while. Col. John Vanderhorst and Richard Winn gave lands to the society. On reviving the school the plans of the society were enlarged and they proposed, at the suggestion of Thomas Harris McCaule, to found a college modeled after that of New Jersey. It was incorporated as a college in 1783, at the same time with similar institutions in Charleston and Cambridge. The first class graduated in 1787. Dr. Howe, in his history of the Presbyterian Church in Carolina, has preserved a form of the original diploma in Latin. The father of the late Maj. George Hunter of Ridgeway was a member of this class. For several years classes were graduated, numbers of whom became ministers. Out of 33 ministers mentioned by Dr. Howe who helped to keep alive the flame of learning and piety in the dark days which followed the war, 13 are graduates of Mount Zion. The diploma referred to above has the name of Thomas Harris McCaule as president and John Winn and James Craig as trustees. The accommodations at first were of the rudest kind. A single log house for the college purposes and smaller log huts for the students, who frequently pursued their studies under the trees around the small building. In 1787 the society began a larger building, sending up from Charleston oyster shells to be burned for lime. But the up-country workmen did not understand the management of lime and preferred to make mortar with tar. The lumber used was prepared with the broad axe and whipsaw, as the fine streams around had not yet been applied to turning saw mills. This college quickened the cause of education and drew to it students from such preparatory schools as Bullock Creek academy ( York) and Waxhaw in Lancaster. It was properly called “The College” for many years. There are settlements in different parts of our country, the history of which would be interesting to the present generation if carefully written, such as Ridgeway, Feasterville, Longtown, Monticello, Rocky Mount. Connected with the last is a striking page of history almost unknown to the present generation. The beautiful scenery of that region and its fine water-power very early attracted attention and the United States government started an establishment there on a large scale. Gen. Dearborn, secretary of war under Washington, visited the place and laid the cornerstone of the building. An engineer from Europe was sent to direct the works and the visitor who walks over the deserted grounds sees nothing to remind him that under a group of trees on the hillside rests the remains of this accomplished man. When the government determined to have military schools this place was mentioned as one of those from which a selection must be made. Among the curious yet baffling “ifs” of history remains the unanswered question if congress had founded a West Page 77 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Point in upper South Carolina what would have been the effect on her history financially, socially, politically? The location of this United States establishment on the water is strictly within the limits of Chester County, but we have ventured to mention it here. The province of South Carolina as divided into seven precincts in 1769. The precinct of Camden included this and several neighboring counties. In 1785 the precinct was divided into seven districts, one of which with the same boundaries has remained to this day as Fairfield. This name first appears in the act of 1785, which divided Camden precinct. Judge O’Neale inclines to the opinion that Newberry took its name from an expression of some delighted settler who described its beautiful hills as being beautiful as a “new berry.” If this is plausible, then Richland may have a similar origin. Our county may have been suggested by the county of that name in Connecticut. Lying in the finest belt of cotton lands, this district soon became preeminently a cotton planting region. Perhaps in no district in the South has this great staple been cultivated with more energy and success. Gov. Seabrook, in his memoir on cotton, says the first cotton gin to run by water was established by James Kincaid, who settled on Mill Creek, in the southern part of the county. The cotton gins made in Winnsboro have long had a fine reputation through the State. The old plantation system was worked with energy and zeal by the fathers whose children now must show these traits in a different condition of affairs. But we may safely predict that if the same industry and economy are displayed now they will not fail to secure a full measure of success. It is to be regretted that the geological survey of Fairfield was never made. The lamented Lieber passed hurriedly through it when surveying neighboring districts, but had not reached it when his work was ended. THE TOWN OF WINNSBORO We now leave the district and propose to speak of the town. Richard Winn, from Virginia, had settled here several years before the war. His house stood on the hill where Gen. Buchanan lived in the last years of his life; perhaps a part of the original house may still be found there, exactly on the dividing ridge between Broad and Wateree Rivers. Even before the war the name Winnsborough seems to have been used and the place even then was familiarly called “the borough.” In 1785, on petition from Richard Winn, John Winn and John Vanderhorst, the village was formally laid and chartered. It was made the county seat of the new district of Fairfield at the same time. It was incorporated as a town to be governed by an intendant and wardens in December, 1832. Suppose we go back to about that period, or a few years later, and take our stand in front of the court house. That building is perhaps one of the oldest court houses in the upper part of the State. It has been modernized, however, since the date of which we speak. Then it had no piazza or steps in front, nor was it overcast or plastered on the outside. The yard in front was inclosed with high palings. Opposite stood the old jail, 15 paces from the Main street, and protected by a high board fence and iron gates. South of that stood a long wooden house kept as a tavern by Mrs. Baker. North of the jail, on the spot where now stands a part of McMaster’s large brick building, was the old market house, a strange looking, square, yellow wooden building, with a tapering roof and a belfry on top. Behind the market was a carriage shop and a blacksmith shop, reaching to where the postoffice now is, while on Main street beyond the market house, were several law offices and shops of different kinds. On the opposite side of Main street was a wooden store with a piazza which Mr. David Aiken soon after moved into and used as his store while he was erecting the large, fine brick Page 78 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 building now on the corner. In 1833 the council sold the quarter of an acre on which the market house stood to Robert Cathcart and the legislature authorized them to build a market house in the middle of Washington street, provided the house was not more than 30 feet wide. Many an afternoon witnessed exciting scenes in front of the court house in those days. It was a favorite place for playing ball, as there was a level place in front and no windows on the end of the building. The big boys of Mount Zion would perhaps lead off in the game, but the town people would join in the game with right good will. The mechanic would leave his anvil and plane and the professional man his office to join in a game of “fives.” In Aiken’s piazza opposite were the village fathers, whom age and dignity prevented from joining in the game actively, looking on quietly and carrying on @ running commentary, interspersed with the political and personal news of the day. And perhaps few small villages could show a more striking group of men. Conspicuous among them was the venerable form of Maj. James Elliott, an old man even, to whom by common consent, the arm chair was conceded. He was always equally ready to give a riddle, a Revolutionary incident or song to amuse or instruct the young or old. Mr. Hudson, in the full prime of his manly form, could be seen resting on his stick. David Aiken and Robert Cathcart, who were doing so much to extend the business interests and resources of the place, would unbend after the business of the day. The venerable Andrew Crawford who came from his store below and met there his contemporary, James O’Hanlon, whose Jooks and character had so strange an interest to the boys of that time. The patriarcal form of Dr. Bratton might be seen there, while another profession was well represented by Daniel McDowell, John McCall, Caleb Clarke and John Buchanan. Perhaps the younger portion of the community would have a game of long bullets by the Presbyterian Church. The boys would slip away when the sun was low to Aiken’s pool or Cathcart’s pond and have a bathing frolic. At night there was most likely a singing school or musical exercises. At that time there were groups of intelligent young men as apprentices in the shops of the village who were fond of this pastime and, perhaps, late at night a serenade would close the whole. The games we have alluded to were all innocent and manly. Then, as now, there were some in certain parts of the town, indulged in games far less healthy and some positively corrupting. Sometimes, on public days, the crowd would repair to the level lane where now the freight depot and the beautiful residences line the street and extemporize a horse race. If any good ever resulted to horses, riders or spectators, I have no distinct recollection of the fact. Perhaps there was a want of literary taste, at least it was not apparent in any public way. There were reading men with good private libraries. Politics and news of the day were discussed with as much interest and intelligence as elsewhere. But, perhaps there were no lectures or public exercises or entertainments to excite or direct the curiosity and taste of the young. The only thing of the kind remembered was the Fourth of July celebration held annually in the Presbyterian Church. We remember distinctly an address of Maj. J. R. Aiken about this time. In military skill this town has been distinguished at least since the war of 1812, when a fine company was raised to serve on the sea coast, where it was supposed that the British might land. Perhaps a “big muster day’ is about as vivid a picture in memory as any other which those who were quite young can recall. At an early hour bands of music men in uniform, carts, wagons and carriages were hurrying through the streets. Gradually the interest would center on the college green, and it is difficult to imagine a scene of greater confusion and bustle from the cake and whiskey wagons in the woods behind the college to the rows of carriages which lined Dr. Bratton’s fence. All styles of uniforms were flitting to and fro. There were the Cedar Creek Riflemen with their Indian hunting skirts and tomahawks the venerable artillery company with Page 79 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 James Johnson or Richard Cathcart as Captain, the Pet company of the village, wearing on their caps the mystic letters, “W. L. I. V.” which we impudent boys used to translate rather freely “the Winnsboro Lag Idle Vagabonds,” With James Barkley or James Crawford as its proud commander. And it would be doing great violence to omit from the list the Mount Zion cadets. We do not allude to the company of young men such as many at present remember, but literally the Mount Zion boys with flat sealskin caps, blue twill round about the bullet buttons, white pants, wooden guns painted black, for which we paid some apprentice 25 cents, or if our initials were painted on them, 8714 cents. All these were hurrying to and fro in all the pomp appropriate to the great occasion. But let the Colonel, William McCreight, his hair white with age, but his eye still kindling with the fire of youth as it glanced on a scene like that, let the colonel be seen coming round the post office corner on his old gray, trained by long experience to rise in sympathy with his rider to the enthusiasm of the hour, and at the roll of the drum all this confusion will, as in a moment, give place to order, and there will soon be seen across the college green as imposing and faultless a line as a military eye would wish to rest upon, And when the Commander draws nigh right proud will the old colonel be to hand over his old (twenty-fifth) regiment, with a military salute, to Robert Y. Hayne or George McDuffie, for inspection and review. The day was generally closed with some pleasant and graceful compliments, which all felt were sincere on one side and deserved on the other. The Mount Zion boys would then drag their weary, patriotic limbs homeward, feeling that they and his excellency had done a good day’s work. Every boy felt assured of three things: 1—That the Twenty-fifth regiment was the best drilled body of men in the State. In this there may have been very little error if any. 2—That the Mount Zion boys were the best drilled company in the regiment. 3—That he himself was the best drilled boy in the company. Within a few years from that time the village made rapid strides. Many good houses were built soon after. Besides those already alluded to. McDowell’s brick range, Crawford’s house in the southern end of town, Miller’s house and Woodward's house, Mrs. Ladd’s brick building, Aiken’s law range, Samuel Johnson’s house, Dr. Bratton’s house, the wings of Mount Zion, etc., town clock and fire engine. We may mention in passing that about this time one of the first steam mills in upper Carolina was put up by James Barclay, three miles north of Winnsboro, a little in front of Theodore DuBose’s house. In the dry year, 1845, it is said that wagons from five counties were camped around this mill with their grain. Page 80 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 CHAPTER XII JACOB HUDSON, TEACHER Mr. Hudson about that time was teaching the small boys in a little wooden building in rear of the college. The main building was occupied by R. L. Edmunds, the learned capricious old Irishman, who taught his way along over the coast from Norfolk, Va., to Florida. This building was then a plain, square structure without piazza or wings. On each side of it, extending in front were six or eight small cabins where young men lodged and studied. Soon after this Mr. Hudson lived for a short while in the house next door to the Methodist Church, while he taught in a long wooden building nearly opposite, about where Mr. Hugh McMasters kitchen now stands. He taught in the western end of the building, while his wife (the first Mrs. H.) sat at the other end and had charge of the small boys. One of them, who was instructed by her in the mystery of long division, and in the stories of popular lessons, mentions her name with a rush of pleasant memories to-night. Mr. Hudson then taught for a year in the rear of Mr. Ladd’s brick building. This was perhaps while the trustees were building wings to the Mount Zion building. He then moved to the improved and enlarged building, and entered fully upon his remarkable career as a teacher, which ended only with his sudden death, September 21,1857. His name should be remembered in the town, to those whose reputation and business resources he contributed so largely. Let his faults, which it would be useless to deny, as it would be uncharitable to dwell upon, be forgotten, silently remembered by his pupils and friends only to avoid them, while they imitate his virtues. His assistants would form a varied chapter of biography, embracing not a few who have achieved success in different pursuits of life, and including the very learned, but very incompetent Irishman, who left hurriedly for Columbia, declaring, as was ascertained there, “that the young men of Mount Zion were about to blow out his brains with a bowie knife.” There has always been a pleasant and profitable connection between this place and the seaboard. The citizens of Charleston took from the first a lively interest in the establishment of the college in the last century. And this was well repaid, when many years after numbers of young men from the seaboard sought in this quiet village a healthy retreat, and the thorough training which Hudson gave before he sent them to continue their studies in Columbia. About the time we are referring to, a valuable addition was made to the population in a cluster of families who came to live permanently here, DuBose, Gaillard and others, following Col. E. G. Palmer and D. Thomas, who came a few years earlier. Gen. Moultrie spent his summers flear here. His summer place was perhaps part of the plantation now owned by old Mount Zion contemporary, Thomas Robertson. Winnsboro at that time was not on any thoroughfare of travel, nor was there any prospect that it would be. The Piedmont line of stages went through York and Union, while the central route went below, as through Columbia, Camden and Cheraw. There was left to us only tri-weekly lines of stages for the local travel. When the Columbia stage came rolling in about dark, it was thoroughly examined, and if there was a passenger in it, before he left for Chester, some guess would usually be given as to who he was, where he was going, and what he was going there for. It is stated, as a fact, that the venerable James Adger, when a young man, wishing to Page 81 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 take this stage to Charleston, and finding it full, started on foot and reached the city in advance of the stage. One striking feature of these days was the long array of cotton wagons passing through to Columbia or Charleston in the fall and winter. When the winter rains had fallen on the Fairfield clay, their progress was slow indeed. If they moved at all it was with difficulty and labor. Though, doubtless there was some exaggeration in the old tradition that frequently when night came on, one of the party could run back to the morning camp for a chunk of fire. True, just about that time a young man, whose name has been heard since in several connections in both hemipheres, J. C. Fremont, was passing along the western border of Fairfield with a leveling rod in his hand. But who dreamed that before one generation should pass, along the ridge where the Indian trail was seen and then the pack mule was trained to plod his way, and then the cotton planters’ heavily laden wagon plodded on, that along that very path tha steed of fire would speed along his course twice a day, carrying untold freight and scores of passengers. When David R. Evans was a member of congress, he went to Washington in his own carriage, taking, perhaps, two weeks to reach there. Today, a railroad runs within 50 yards of his house Jacos Hupson, Tracuer 105 and you can be comfortably carried to Washington in less time than Mr. Evans required to reach the border of our little State. We may mention one little interesting item. Mr. Evans for years kept a diary of his life. In his last illness this included a great many small volumes which he had filled. He directed that they should all be buried with him. This was faithfully done, as I was assured by the late James Stewart, who assisted in the office. With what intense interest would you now read some of these little records of the unreturnable, unrecoverable past. As to newspapers in those days, were Charleston Courier, Columbia Hive and Columbia Telescope, and a few copies of the Camden Journal. A few years after this, in 1842, perhaps, an attempt was made to start a paper here, but it did not succeed. About 1847 E. H. Britton established a weekly, and soon after a tri-weekly, and it was about this date that the first daily paper was started in Columbia, G. D. Till. Venerable Officials Before 1785 the citizens had no court nearer than Camden, that venerable town being the center of a very large judicial district. At the date we speak of Judge Harper used to spend his vacations in the western part of Fairfield. In O’Neal’s Bench and Bar of South Carolina, in his short list of solicitors are four Winnsboro lawyers. The standard in this profession here has been unusually high. There are doubtless many interesting incidents in the unwritten judicial history of our district, such, for instance, as the murder of a man by one who mistook his victim, his escape from prison, arrest after 20 years, subsequent trial and execution. It will be found, perhaps, that one of the last cases where branding was sentenced occurred at this court house, and led the legislature at the Governor’s suggestion to abolish this relic of barbarism. The district was very fortunate in its county officers. Almost an entire generation knew and desired no other clerk of the court than James Elliott, no other ordinary than John R. Buchanan, no other postmaster than John McMaster. Page 82 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 It is not within our purpose to say a word as to the political history of Fairfield. In the different divisions of the state into congressional districts, Fairfield has been joined with the Savannah River on the west, at one time, and again with Pedee on the east. The list of congressmen who have represented the district in which Fairfield has been situated, is short and may be worth reading. It will be seen that two old worthies of our revolutionary days chased each other in and out of congress. We allude to Winn and Sumter. (Anecedote of Winn and Sumter, James Chestnut 32.) Thomas Sumter 1787 Richard Winn... -------....eeceeecccecececeecceceeveceeceeeseeseeceeeeeee LT983 Thomas Sumter...._....... 0... eee eee ee 1797 Richard Winn_........... . . 1802 D. R. Evans..... .. ..._. 18138 W. Woodward uw... .eeee ee eeneceeeeceeeeeeeeeneeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeee- 1815 Starling Tucker 0.2 ecceeecceee eee eect eeeeeeees 1817 J. K. Grif fimo... eee eee ee 1831 P. C. Caldwell .. vesceeseeeeeee 1841 J. A. Woodward........_-.....---.... . . 1843 W. W. Boyee...........---....-----. —-.--— 1853 There are two rather remarkable features in this short list. The average term of service is nearly eight years. For more than half of the whole time the office was held by residents of Fairfield. Page 83 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 We close with a fervent wish for the well being of old Fairfield, and that of every old Fairfield boy whereever he may wander tonight. The land around us is washed and worn, but it rests on a deep granite bed. So let the strong foundations of her future prosperity be laid in the intelligence, virtue and piety of her people. Your county forms part of a ridge between two of the finest rivers in the state, it touches in neighborly relationship seven other counties; it is on the border line between up and low country ; the long leaf pine dying away on the southern edge, and the chestnut beginning on its northern side. It has scarcely a farm which has not a navigable river or a railroad within eight miles; scarcely a hilltop from which the whistle of a locomotive may not be heard. It has more lines of railroad in proportion to its size, than any county in the state. It hes on one main thorough fare of northern travel, within two hours ride of the Capital. Why has it not as fair a promise of the future as any portion of our state? Perhaps the little boy was playing in your streets today who will live to see these scarred and furrowed hills renew their youth, and will hear your valleys ring with the song JacosB Hupson, TEACHER 107 of the reaper, the cheerful strain of a contented and virtuous laborer, the shout of the school boy and the chime of the Sabbath bells. “Fair scenes for childhood’s glorious prime For sportive youths to stray in, For manhood to enjoy his prime, And age to wear away in!” When in all the weariness of the present, we are told to look forward even in the distant future for a consummation like that, “he may be unwise who is sanguine, but he is indeed unpatriotic and unchristian who despairs.” Page 84 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 CHAPTER XIII CHARACTER SKETCHES OF WINNSBORO By W. O. Brice, 1907* There has always been a delightful society in Winnsboro and perhaps there have been few places in which social demands have been more modest or more lacking in show or display. The whole training of its people has been democratic, and there was always small need of drawing social lines. I well remember as a boy hearing a conversation of old men, among whom a gentleman not a resident, took occasion to remark on the culture and refinement of the people here, and one of our older men, pointing his hands towards Mount Zion, said: “Yonder beacon light in the hill accounts for it all.” What a tribute this was to the influence of that grand old institution. When I first began to observe things as a youth of 10 years or more, I recall how I was impressed with the dignity and character of the older men, all of whom have passed away. I have thought since that could our younger generation coming on have known them, it would have served as an incentive and inspiration to these for a higher more unselfish life for the town and state. Among my first recollections is the old fire company—a hook and ladder brigade—the apparatus being still in use as a part of the present fire departinent by a Negro company. The uniform of this old company was a red flannel shirt, with brass buttons—a sort of slouch hat pinned on one side, cavalry fashion, and black trousers. As I recall it, this was a quasi military organization, all militia companies having been disbanded under the radical regime. I remember though the parades they had, and a photograph was taken of them in front of the old Woodward house where Judge Buchanan now lives, which I thought was a great picture. This fire company afforded our community not only protection against fire, but it was the safeguard of the people from possible riot and pillage in those troublous days. * William Oscar Brice 1866-1909 is a worthy scion and flower and fruit of one of the oldest and most respected County families of Fairfield. It has been preeminent for culture and education and in the religious life of the county. In war and in peace the Brice family did its full duty. William Oscar was born and reared in Winnsboro. He received his academic education here at Mt. Zion Academy, his collegiate education, at Erskine ollege. CHARACTER SKETCHES OF WINNSBORO 109 I recall the days of *76 and it was all to me a sort of “reign of terror.” I was then 10 years old and the red shirts with their torch light processions made my pulse beat and start with youthful enthusiasm. On his way from Washington to Columbia, where President Hayes had recognized him as the legal governor of South Carolina, Gen. Hampton stopped in Winnsboro long enough to make a short speech to our people. He stood on a dry goods box in the middle of the street, by the Thespian hall, and what enthusiasm and glorification there was then. Men went wild with excitement and the street was full of a surging crowd, all hurrahing for Hampton. Later on, it must have been about 1880 or 1881, I don’t Page 85 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 recall which, but it was when J. Hendrix McLane was rising up in politics, as a greenbacker. He was scheduled to speak to the Negroes in Winnsboro on a certain day and came there, stopping at the Winnsboro hotel. The word had been sent out to the red shirts and they began to pour in town and by 12 o’clock the streets were full of the men who wore the uniform. There was no question about the feeling toward McLane and it soon became evident that he not only would not be allowed to speak but that it would require great effort to keep him from being done great bodily harm. A number of the leaders of our people were with him doing all they could to keep order and to protect him from violence. They had him in the parlor of the hotel on the second floor, but the crowd became so vehement in its passion that he was secretly spirited up stairs to the third floor. I remember seeing men riding their horses on the pavement and others rushing up the stairs to get at McLane, and Maj. Woodward came out on the piazza of the hotel and made the crowd a speech, urging them to disperse and go home, but he could do nothing with them. Tt all looked fearful to me then, and a little later on, when it seemed nothing could stem the passion of the crowd, Capt. Henry Gaillard got up on one of the little rock stands in front of the hotel on the pavement and made an impassioned and earnest appeal to the men to disperse and go home. How vividly it impressed me then, and how full of fervid eloquence it was. The effect was almost magical. The crowd heard him and old man Jimmie Heron yelled out, “We will do it, Mr. Gillard, we will do it.” They all dispersed and went home, and I heard older men say that no other man in the county could have controlled that crowd as did Capt. Gaillard on that day. Such was the respect and admiration in which he was held. McLane, of course, did not speak and he was hustled off on a freight train passing some time after. I recall as a boy how the older men used to meet at McMaster, Brice, and Ketchin’s store and discuss public matters of all sorts. There were no clubs then and this store was the general meeting place—in the winter it was inside by the stove and in the summer on the street by the town hall side of the store. There were Mr. McKinney Elliott, Mr. Henry Elliott, Capt. I. N. Withers, Mr. George H. McMaster, Mr. James McCants, Dr. Madden, Mr. James A. Brice, Capt. James Beaty, Col. Rion, Dr. Robertson, Capt. Henry Gaillard, Prof. Means Davis and often Gen. Bratton, Maj. Woodward and Capt. Macfie from in the country and others whom I do not recall. I have often sat and listened at the discussions of these older men. They had passed through the war and reconstruction and the issues of those troublous times were pressing on them and how seriously and with what patriotism they talked. Sometimes in difference of opinion on some subject considerable feeling would show itself. I remember once, in some question under discussion, Mr. George McMaster advocated strongly in all his unselfish spirit of certain policy, but there was strong dissent among others, and Mr. McMaster, almost in disgust, said, “Well, just a set of blame fools, blame fools,” in his quick, short manner, and Capt. Withers, quick as a flash, jumped up and said, “George Mac. don’t say that, don’t say that.” Of course there was intervention and soon everything would go on smoothly again. Oftimes Mr. McKinney Elliott, in the midst of one of these discussion, would shut one eye and take a sight at some object on the pavement a few feet in front, and spit at it with tobacco juice, and often he would hit his mark, and then he would say something about the question being discussed, so striking, so keenly logical and so convincing that carried with him unanimous consent. I don’t thing I ever knew a mind more accurate or analytical, and he gave expression to his thoughts in a sort of forceful epigram that always appealed to me. Mr. George McMaster was, I think, the most unselfish public spirited man I ever knew. His whole life was absorbed in advocating measures and ideas looking toward the development of Winnsboro and Fairfield County. A new railroad for Winnsboro was Page 86 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 his hobby and in trying to realize his hopes he suggested a line from Wadesboro, N. C., through Winnsboro to a point in CrisRACTER SKETCHES OF WINNSBORO 111 Georgia, the town of Camak. This line, he though, would give our people a competing and connecting link with other systems and thus rid us of the tryanny of the old R. & D. railroad. He advocated this with all the strength of his nature—so much SO, in fact, that the Winnsboro board of trade gave an elaborate banquet to which were invited men from all parts of the county. The wags said the road would be called the Wadesboro, Winnsbore and George Mac railroad. Anyhow, the banquet came off and it is to this day referred to as a memorable occasion in the old town. It was representative in every way and it was dignified by the presence of most of the ministers of the town. Of course, after the supper there were toasts and there was also plenty of punch and wine. I recall the fact that Dr. John Wallace, one of our old men, himself a wit and a poet having excellent literary taste, who lived at Wallaceville, in the southwest edge of the county, and through whose lands the proposed route of the new railroad lay, was called on to speak. To the dismay of all, he announced himself as being opposed to the railroads; that they had killed cows and in many ways disturbed him, but in the good cheer then coming on he repeated verses of poetry and recited prose recollections, so that some of the crowd forgot the railroad and the preachers left about then and “there was a sound of revelry by night,” in the old Boro. The whole crowd left the hall and adjourned to the street below, and the old men looked on and laughed and the middle-aged fellows ran foot races up Main street; but the young bucks—they just hollered. The road was never built, but the banquet was an epoch in the life of the town. I have no idea it will ever be forgotten. In referring to Mr. George McMaster and his advocacy of railroads, I can’t refrain from paying a tribute to this noble and unselfish man. I recall how he advocated so many things for advancement, and urged our people to take them up—such as terracing their hill sides, sowing grass and raising sheep, and my first recollection of the silk worm is when he urged our people to take up the culture of the silk worm and the growth of the mulberry tree. He had a lot of frames constructed for the worm to weave the cocoon on and they served as examples to any one who cared to live and see. He did’nt live to realize his hopes, but the people have lived to learn that his views were right and how great a blessing it would have been could he have seen some realization of his hopes. In an anecdotal way I remember Judge Robertson, who was president of the bank. He was a large, portly man, with a fine face. I was a boy of perhaps 14 or 15 years old and clerking in McMaster, Brice & Ketchin’s store in the dry goods side. Judge Robertson came in one day and said to me, “Oscar, where is George?” I replied, “I don’t know, Judge, but he will perhaps be in soon,” and he turned then to go out, and looking back said, “tell him we will lull a sheep at the bank at 12 o’clock.” I wondered then how strange it was to kill a sheep at the bank, but I soon learned that it was a happy social function. In this connection. I recall an incident in which Judge Robertson and a friend about “sheep killing time” were getting ready in the bank to enjoy it all, when just in the midst of the preparation who should walk in but one of the oldest, most beloved and respected clergyman of our town. Of course there was some scurrying around and an effort made to keep him from seeing, but it was too late, and Judge Robertson said , “Mr.———, we are just taking a midday toddy, and would be happy to have you join us,” “Well,” says this splendid old gentleman of the cloth, “‘is it good?” Of course there was no use for any further remarks. Page 87 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 No reminiscent account of Winnsboro would be complete without reference to Fayette Poteet. For years he was a policeman here and even today you will hear a man say what he had heard Fayette Poteet say years ago. I recall him as a large, stronglybuilt man, and he had the courage of a lion. With all this his nature was full of keen humor and he used to say that he would rather be hung in Winnsboro than to die a natural death any where else. If space allowed, I could relate some of Fayette Poteet’s sayings which I am sure the older folks would recall. When I was a boy, old Mr. Garrison was the butcher for the town and the market was in the town hall, on the ground floor. There was a market bell away up in the steeple next to the fire bell and it was rung on those mornings when there was fresh meat in the market. I have heard this bell many a morning early, about 6 o'clock. This custom, of course, has passed away. Mr. Garrison was a reliable old citizen and we boys used to consider him a great weather prophet. I have had occasion to refer to Mount Zion college, and I want to make reference to that noted teacher and patriotic man, Capt. CHARACTER SKETCHES OF WINNSBORO 113 Moultrie Dwight. “Sans puer et sans reproche.” I recall the fact that when he died all the church bells in town were tolled while the funeral procession passed up the street to the Episcopal cemetery. No such tribute, as far as I know, has ever been paid one of our citizens. Later on, out of the fullness of their hearts, our people erected a modest shaft to his memory. “Erected by his pupils and his friends” is inscribed on the monument. This testimonial to his worth sprang deeply from the hearts of our people and it shows how greatly loved this noble man was. This monument is the second one erected in Winnsboro to educators, the other being to Mr. Hudson, on Mount Zion campus. In this respect, Winnsboro has unique distinction. I have referred to the semi-military nature of the hook and ladder company and no reminescent sketch of Winnsboro would be complete without reference to the Gordon Light infantry. This military organization, with Capt. W. G. Jordan its only captain at its head, and at the retirement of the company Capt. Jordan was the senior captain in the Palmetto regiment and the Gordons were company A, and with such able lieutenants as Mr. T. K. Elliott, Mr. J. W. Zeigler, Mr. J. H. Cummings, and Mr. M. W. Doty, the Gordons were developed into one of the crack companies of the state. It was a splendid set of young men who composed it and the esprit de corps that pervaded the whole organization was of a very high order. I recall the basket picnics which we used to have once a year, along about the 10th of May, and they were always a sort of gala occasion for the whole town. There was target shooting and always a presentation of prizes to winners and losers by some of our local speakers. A gold medal for the best shot and a tin cup for the poorest. Oftimes there had to be several contests to decide who deserved the tin cup, for some of the boys could not hit the target at 25 yards; but, my good friend, Mr. Boag used to carry off this prize oftener than anybody else. These occasions were always very happy ones and what a world of good fellowship they fostered. There are other incidents that my boyhood days bring up, such as the annual meeting and dinner of the Mount Zion society with the attendant good feeling of the older men on these occasions, and I have often wondered why these annual meetings could not be revived. I hope they will some of these days. A society so rich in history and tradition should have some annual occasion to look back and study the “Faith of the Father.” Page 88 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 CHAPTER XIV COUNTY OFFICERS What might reasonably be termed the first county officers of what is now Fairfield County were, under act of March 12, 1785, the following were appointed members of the county court, which had wide powers; John Winn, Richard Winn, Minor Winn, (Capt.) John Buchanan, James Craig, William Kirkland, John Pearson, John Turner, and Isaac Love. The men lived in different sections of the county, and probably had individual as well as collective powers. In the early days there were election contests as there are today. In 1796 there is a petition to the legislature of Ephraim Lyles protesting the election to the house of representatives of James Kincaid and John Turner, and in 1798, there is the petition of James Kincaid protesting the election of John Boykin and Thomas Means. In neither case did the protests seem to have any effect. The inconvenience of voting in the early days is made plain by a petition in 1799, asking that two other voting precincts be established in the county other than at Winnsboro, saying that many electors lived more than 25 miles from Winnsboro, and that in bad weather it was well nigh impossible to get to Winnsboro in the two days allowed for voting. This may be contrasted with the number of voting precincts scattered throughout the county in 1942. Senators from Fairfreld In 1783, Col. John Winn was entered as a member of the senate of South Carolina, but the district he represented was not indicated. However, as he was from Fairfield, he may be taken as the first senator. The first regular entry in the Journal of the Senate was as follows: “Monday, 24th day of January, 1785. “The House being informed that Daniel Huger, Esq., being returned senator from the District between the Broad and Catawba Rivers, attended at the door, Ordered; “That Mr. Huger being called in. County OFFICERS 115 “And he was called in accordingly, and being asked if it was his pleasure to qualify, “And answered in the affirmative. “Mr. President then administered to him the oath of allegance and qualification agreeable to the Constitution, and reported the same to the House, after which Mr. Huger was required to take his seat. Page 89 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 “And he took his seat accordingly.” The District between the Broad and Catawba Rivers embraced Richland, Fairfield, Chester, and possibly parts of York County. So Mr. Huger, though a resident of Charleston, may be considered the first designated senator from Fairfield, it not being required then that the senator live within the district he represented, as is now with members of Parliament in England. The following were the senators for Richland, Fairfield and Chester for the periods indicated; Joseph Brown 1794; John Turner 1798; Thomas Taylor 1804; John Pearson 1806-1810. Beginning with 1810 Fairfield alone had a state senator, the term continuing until the next date indicated; 1810 William Strother, 1812 Samuel Johnston, 1816 Samuel Alston, 1820 Samuel Johnston, 1824 David R. Evans, 1832 A. F. Peay, 1837 Austin F. Peay, 1840 John Buchanan, 1856, N. A. Peay, 1857 E. G. Palmer; 1865 John Bratton, 1868 James M. Rutland, 1868 George W. Barber, 1872 Sanders Fors, 1873 M. Martin, 1876 I. Bird, 1880 A. Gaillard, 1884 T. W. Woodward, 1892 T. S. Brice, 1897 G. W. Ragsdale, 1905 W. J. Johnston, 1913 T. H. Ketchin, 1921 G. W. Ragsdale, 1925 J. E. McDonald, Jr., 1929 F’. A. DesPortes, 1937 J. Morris Lyles (present incumbent, 1942). It is to be noted that General John Buchanan who served from 1840 to 1856, 16 years served twice as long as any other senator from the county. He was elected to the House in 1818, 1832, 1834-1836 and 1838. To the Nullification convention, 1832, the State convention to pass upon the right to secede 1852, and the Secession convention 1860. House of Representatives 1776. District between the Broad and Catawba Rivers; William Barrow, William Howell, Henry Hunter, William Lang, William Lee, John Nixon, William Strother, Thomas Taylor, John Turner, John Winn. 1782. John Adair, Henry Hunter, Joseph Kirkland, Edward Lacey, William Kirkland, Robert Lyell, Charles Miles, John Pearson, William Reeves, Richard Winn. _ 1785. Col. Edward Lacey, John Adair, Col. Joseph Kirkland, Col. Richard Winn, William Strother, James Knox, Thomas Taylor. 1788. James Craig, Thomas Baker, James Knox, John Turner, Aromanus Lyles, John Cooke, James Pedian. Later in the year are to be found the names of Minor Winn, and John Gray. 1789. Edward Lacey, John Turner, William Meyer, John Gray, James Pedian, James Knox, George Gill, Jacob Brown, John Cooke, Aromanus Lyles. In January, 1790 for the district between the Broad and Catawba Rivers the names of John Turner, William Meyer, John Gray, James Pedian, George Gill, John Cooke, Aromanus Lyles and Arthur Brown Ross appear as the representatives. The constitution of June, 1790 gave Fairfield two representatives. They follow: Page 90 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 1792 For Fairfield alone, Major Aromanus Lyles, and Capt. John Turner. 1794 John Turner and James Kincaid. 1796 and 1797 the same, but Kincaid not recorded as attending in 1797. 1798 John Boykin and Thomas Means. 1799 James Kincaid and Thomas Means. 1800 same as 1799. 1802 John McCreary and Thomas B. Franklin. 1804 David R. Evans only one recorded as attending. 1806 Major William Strother, and Samuel Alston. 1808 Major William Strother only one recorded as attending. There were four representatives after 1810 for a time. 1810 Caleb Clarke, Samuel Johnson, Samuel Alston, John Woodward, Jr. 1812 Caleb Clarke, John Woodward, William F. Pearson, Austin F’. Peay. 1814 William F. Pearson, Samuel Alston, Abner Ross, John Woodward. 1816 William IF. Pearson, Abner Ross, Austin F. Peay, Joshua Player. County OFFICERS 117 1818 Philip Edward Pearson, Jonathan Davis, John Buchanan, William Woodward. 1820 Philip E. Pearson, James Barkeley, Jr.. William Bratton, Jno. B. McCall. 1822 James Barkley, William Bratton, Austin F. Peay, and William Brown. 1824 Jesse Havis, Thomas Lyles, ‘Austin F. Peay, James Barkley. 1826 David Montgomery, James Barkley, William Brown, John Bonner. 1828 George R. Hunter, Austin F. Peay, Thomson T. Player and Bund B. Cook. 1830 Austin F. Peay, Thomson T. Player, Thomas Lyles, and James G. Barkley. 1832 John Buchanan, John D. Kirkland, Thomas Lyles, _ Thomson T. Player. 1834 John Buchanan, Thomas Llyes, John B. McCall and Joseph A. Woodward. 1836 David McDowell, David H. Means, John Buchanan and Page 91 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 John I. Myers. ° 1838 John Buchanan, William 8S. Lyles, Edward G. Palmer, and David McDowell. 1840 E. G. Palmer, Jos. A. Woodward, William J. Alston and John S.-Meyers. 1842 E. G. Palmer, J. D. Strother, W. J. Alston and O. Wood ward. 1844 John H. Means, Edward G. Palmer, James R. Aiken, W. J. Alston. 1846 S. H. Owens, Edward G. Palmer, James R. Aiken, W. W. Boyce. 1847 James R. Aiken, W. W. Boyce, Samuel H. Owens. 1848 J. T. Owens, W. R. Robertson, Joseph D. Aiken, D. Crosby, Col. David Crosby died during term of office. 1850 W.S. Lyles, William R. Robertson, Henry H. Clarke. 1851 W.S. Lyles, H. H. Clarke, W. R. Robertson. 1852 H. H. Clark, J. N. Shedd, R. B. Boylston. 1854 R. B. Boylston, H. H. Clarke, W. M. Bratton. 1856 W. M. Bratton, R. B. Boylston, H. H. Clarke. 1858 Henry C. Davis, R. B. Boylston, James B. McCants. 1860 R. B. Boylston, T. W. Woodward, J. B. McCants, 1862 T. McKinstry, P. D. Cook, J. B. McCants. 1865 W. J. Alston, James R. Aiken, B. E. Elkins. 1868 Lewis W. Duvall, Henry Johnson, Henry Jacob. 1870 Alfred Moore, W. J. McDowell, S. M. Smart. 1872 Isaac Miller, Levi Lee, M. S. Miller. 1874 John Gibson, Joseph Thompson, Joel Copes. 1876 J. Gibson, P. R. Martin, D. Bird. 1877 Thomas B. Brice, Henry A. Gaillard, Prince B. Martin. 1878 R. C. Clowney, T. S. Brice, H. A. Gaillard. 1880 John W. Lyles, C. E. Thomas, G. H. McMaster. 1882 Hayne M. Meekin, A. S. Douglass, G. H. McMaster. 1884 Chas. A. Douglas, Thomas S. Brice, S. R. Rutland. 1888 O. W. Buchanan, J. D. Harrison, T. Bruce Kinstry. 1890 T. S. Brice, O. W. Buchanan, T. W. Traylor. 1893 W. J. Johnson, T. P. Mitchell, R. Y. Lemmon. 1894 T. P. Mitchell, R. Y. Lemmon. 1896 R. Y. Lemmon, W. J. Johnson, T. P. Mitchell. 1898 J. G. Wolling, R. A. Meares. Page 92 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 1900 W. J. Johnson, Jno. G. Mobley. 1901 J. G. Walling, J. B. Morrison. 1902 J. B. Morrison, J. G. Walling, W. J. Johnson. 1903 W. J. Johnson, C. S. Ford, T. W. Traylor. 1905 J. G. McCants, C. S. Ford, A. H. Brice. 1907 W.. W. Dixon, C. 8S. Leitner, T. S. Brice. 1909 F. H. McEachern, A. J. Mobley, W. W. Dixon. 1911 W. W. Dixon, T. H. Ketchin, R. A. Meares. 1913 $8. Clowney, T. L. Johnston. 1915 W. W. Dixon, Horace Traylor. 1917 C. 8S. Ford, Clarke W. McCants. 1919 J. W. Hanahan, R. A. Meares. 1921 J. W. Hanahan, Jno. G. Walling. 1923 J. W. Hanahan, A. McC Faucette. 1925 L. S. Hinderson, Thomas J. McMeekin. 1927 F. A. DesPortes, J. P. Isenhower. 1929 J. P. Isenhower, C. 8S. Ford. 1931 J. C. Darby, J. W. Hanahan. 1933 J. P. Isenhower, O. C. Scarborough. 1935 J. P. Isenhower, F. M. Roddey. 1937 Boyd Brown, F. M. Roddey. 1939 Boyd Brown, F. M. Roddey. 1941 Boyd Brown, F. M. Roddey. County OFFICERS 119 Delegates to the constitutional convention of 1776, from the section of which Fairfield was a part; John Winn, William Lang, William Howell, Thomas Taylor, William Strother, John Nixon, William Barrow, William Lee, John Turner, Henry Hunter. Delegates to the constitutional convention of 1790 from the section of which Fairfield was a part; Thomas Taylor, Arthur Brown Ross, James Taylor, John Winn, Page 93 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Richard Winn, James Craig, Field Farrar, Joseph Brown, Andrew Dunn, John Bell, John Mills. Delegates to the Nullification convention 1832 from Fairfield; William Harper, John B. McCall, William Smith, D. H. Means, Edward G. Palmer. State Convention 1852 delegates from Fairfield; John H. Means (then Governor), W. A. Owens, John Buchanan. Delegates from Fairfield to the Secession convention 1860; John Hugh Means, William Strother Lyles, Henry Campbell Davis, John Buchanan. Delegates from Fairfield to the Constitutional convention 1895; R. A. Meares, W. L. Roseborough, G. W. Ragsdale, T. W. Brice. Page 94 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 CHAPTER XV FAIRFIELD IN THE WARS Revolutionary War Soldiers From What Is Now Fairfield County Pay Roll of Capt. John Buchanan’s Company in the 6th South Carolina or The Continental Establishment Commanded by Lieut. Col. William Henderson from the first August to the first December 1779. Names—John Buchanan, Captain; Robert Buchanan, Lieutenant; John Edrington, James Hamilton, Sr., James Hamilton, Jr., Sergeants; William Wofford, John Harper, Corporals; Christopher Loving, Drummer; John Morgan, Adjutant; John Hamilton, William Campbell, Robert Collins, William Daves, John Charles, John Harvison, Nathan Evans, Greorge Fuller, Dan Fuller, Nathaniel Gordon, Knight Knight, John Lee, John McCrae, William McAhilly, John McKee, Alexander McMullen, Gedion Scurry, Charles Smith, Aron Tilly, Absolum Worford, John Wright, George Yates, David Anderson. No evidence, his command is not mentioned later. No record after September 1775 of Woodward in Progress. _ “= Captain Woodward’s Company From a return of the officers, non-commissioned officers and privates belonging to the Eighth company of Rangers of Capt. Thomas Woodward, commanded by Col. William Thompson, now in camp at Mineral Springs, near the Congaree, August 7, 1775: Capt. Thomas Woodward, 46 years old; 1st Lieut. Richard Wynne, 25; 2nd Lieut. John Woodward, 28; Sergeants John Smith, 28; William Boyd, 27. Drummer William Wilson, John Owens, James Pickett, James Owens, John Carr, John Carson, John Henderson, Daniel Oaks, Francis Henderson, William Henderson, Jacob Frazier, Henry Wimpey, Benjamin May, Charnal Durham, James Anderson, William Rayford, Matthew Rayford, Benjamin McGraw, Augustine Hancock, William Owens, John McDonald, Francis McDonald, Thomas Guther, Pritchard Stone, John Jacobs, John Bull, Joseph Owens, Thomas Willingham, Edward McGraw, Benjamin Mitchell, William Dugans (31). FAIRFIELD IN THE Wars 121 The foregoing is found on page 122, Vol. 1, No. 2, S. C. Hist & Gen. Mag. fiobert Ellison’s Company In Vol. 1, pages 195-196, S. C. Hist. & Gen. Mag., is found the company of Capt. Robert Ellison, as of date Sept. 2, 1775: Capt. Robert Ellison, Ist Lieut.; James Sanders, 2nd Lieut.; John Ellison, Alexander Boyes, Eleazor Gore, John Ashford Gore, David Hamilton, Samuel Armstrong, James T. Kennedy, William Martin, John Martin, Cato West, Edward Bland, Alex McDowle, William Penny, James McDowell, David McCreight, James McCreight, Robert Gray, Samuel Dods, James Dods, William Wilson, Alex McQuarters, John Askew, Andrew McDole, William McCallister, Robert Potts, William McLvey, James Morison, Alex Robinson, James McQuoin, John Agnew, James McMullen, William Young, James Hanin, Thomas Saint. Page 95 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 There were men from Fairfield in other commands. In the office of the Historical Commission there is a file to James Kincaid in which the pay roll shows that he served as sergeant in Captain Kirkland’s company, Colonel Goodwin’s regiment 52 days, from December 26, 1778 to February 7, 1779; 365 days as private horseman in Capt. John Gray’s company from July 19, 1780 to July 10, 1781, and 235 days as Lieutenant on horseback from July 19, 1781 to March 11, 1782. WAR OF 1812 Through the courtesy of Col. Richard H. McMaster we are enabled to give herewith the muster roll of Fairfield County for the War of 1812: Muster roll of Capt. William McCreight’s company of Light Infantry volunteers of a regiment of South Carolina militia in the service of the United States, commanded by Lieut. Col. Adam McWillie, from their commencement of service to November 20, 1814: “William McCreight, captain; Thomas Russell, first lieutenant; Archibald Beaty, ensign; Daniel H. Kerr, sergeant; David Jamison, sergeant; James Brice, sergeant; William Kingston, sergeant; John Workman, corporal; Elijah Stiman, corporal; James McBride, corporal; Hugh Henry, corporal (discharged November 20, 1814—an alien enemy). “Privates: William Akison, Thomas Arnet, Samuel Arnet, Clement Arledge, James Allan, Simon Brown, Zackariah Bishop, James Bailey, Enoch Carson, Robert Cathcart, Daniel Collins, John Coleman, John Crosslin, William Dodson, John Denham, James Daniel, John Douglas, James Douglas, James Elkins, Edmund Fair, John Gibson, Samuel Gladney, Jr., Samuel Gladney, Sr., Robert Gladney, Andrew Graham, James Henry, Samuel Hall, William C. Hutson, Peter Hamilton, Joseph James, Samuel Langhorn, Enoch Langhorn, William Lott, John McMaster, John McCreight, James McCreight, Petigrew McGowan, William McBride, John McHenry, William McCrory, John McKinney, John McClure, John McMeans, Elisha Mayfield, Alex Marshall, John Nelson, James Norris, Marcus Pickens, Archibald Paul, William Perry, Samuel C. Paul, Thomas Picket, Benjamin Perry, John Robertson, Archibald Russell, James Y. Robinson, William Robinson, Robert Robinson, Samuel Robinson, Rowland Rugeley, William Russell, Alexander Roberts, Louis Smith, John Sloan, Brown Sent, Joseph Wylie, William Wheeland, Theophilas Wilson, Joel Wilson, Ephraim Watson, James Watson, Hardyway C. Watson, William A. Watson, James Weir. “We certify on honor that this muster roll exhibits a true statement of Captain McCreight’s company of a regiment of South Carolina militia in the service of the United States commanded by Lieut. Col. Adam McWillie. Mustered the 20th day of November, 1814, at Haddrell’s Point. “Witttiam McCreicnut, Captain. Witiiam R. Boors, Inspector General. “A True Copy: RICHARD H. McMASTER, Colonel, Field Artillery, U. S. Army.” FATRFIELD SOLDIERS IN THE SEMINOLE WAR Page 96 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 In the year 1867 Mr. D. B. McCreight published in The News and Herald a history of the Mount Zion society in which the following item appears: ‘‘A disgression here, in order to call public attention to a matter worthy of its consideration, will not be amiss. In the course of the proceedings of the committee for the year 1783 it was FAIRFIELD IN THE Wars 123 agreed that the President should get the minutes of the Mount Zion committee fairly copied into a book, and in less than two months that resolution was declared null and void. This action seems to be characteristic of the makers of history. “There is a felt want of material whenever history has to be recorded, whether it be general or local history. What care then should be exercised to have these details full and fair. Take as a case in point, the history of Fairfield during the past seven roll of the company. My research extended to South Carolina, Florida, and the War department, but without success until recently when I visited the National Archives in Washington. There I was given permission to inspect the Seminole War records, and found the original muster roll of the Fairfield company. The Fairfield volunteers were mustered in as an independent company of mounted militia, not a part of any regiment, and were listed as coming from Winnsboro instead of Fairfield. I obtained a photostatic copy of the muster roll from which the following list is taken. Muster Rolls of Captain D. Smith’s company of South Carolina mounted militia, mustered into service F ebruary 17th, 1836, for three months: Officers: Daniel Smith, Captain, William A. McCreight, Ist Lieutenant; Thos, Stitt, 2nd Lieutenant, H. B. Robertson, Ensign. Non-commissioned Officers: James R. Aiken, Sergeant; Robert Bailey, Sergeant; Josiah Hinnant Sergeant; Franklin D. Bare, Sergeant; Thomas Robertson, Corporal; Robert E. Ellison, Corporal; F. McDowell, Corporal; J. W. Hundrix, Corporal. Privates: James Aldrege, Charles Bagley, James R. Boyd, James Boyd, Jr., Arch. Boyd, Tyrus Bell, John Bush, John C. Boyle, Benjamin Bynum, Charles Broom, Jr., Isaiah Bird, David Camack, James Craig, Thomas Craig, Richard Carlton, James Clarke, Henry Carlisle, Samuel Dowd, David R. Evans, Jr., William B. Elkins, James Gibson, Edward Gibson, Bart Gibson, John Harper, Goodwyn Haywood, Peter Hollis, James L. Judge, John Jenkins, William D. Johnston, Joseph Kennedy, Alex Knighton, J. D. Kirkland, Henry Laws, John Land, B. Lumpkin, Edward Lewis, Robert McDill, Alex McDaniel, William McEgan, Robert McMillan, George McCants, John McCreight, John R. Martin, John Martin, Jr., David S. Martin, John Neason, Robert Neil, Benjamin Macon, Thomas Pulley, N. A. Peay, William Pickett, John Rawls, Zach Rawls, William E. Ross, John Storman, William Storman, Thomas Sloan, John Stephenson, H. I. Smith, Might Smith, John D. Smith, John Stanton, James Stanton, Benjamin Stanton, L. Trence, Charles Tidwell, Mike Thomas, Samuel Wyrick, Jepe Wyrick, John D. Wells, Andrew Walker, Samuel Weldon, Richard Weldon, John Yongue. Inasmuch as there was no newspaper established in Fairfield County in 1836, it is probable that this roll has never before been published. Page 97 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Ricoarp H. McMaster. Thursday, May 18, 1939. THE MEXICAN WAR The following are the names of the officers and men of the company from Fairfield in the Mexican War: “Captain Joseph Kennedy, First Lieutenant James R. Clarke’, Second Lieutenant A. R. Durham*, Third Lieutenant A. R. Crosland, First Sgt. J. W. Steen, Second Sgt. J. W. Seigler, Third Sgt. Robert W. Durham*, Fourth Sgt. B. H. Robertson, Fifth Sgt. W. D. McCreight, First Corp. Judge Wilson, Second Corp. EK. A. Rabb, Third Corp. J. H. Due, Fourth Corp. J. N. Shedd*. Privates: John Barker, R. S. Barker, G. J. Barker, G. F. Beard, Henry Bohn, J. W. Bullenham, A. E. Braylock, Jackson Boyd*, Charles Bradford, Samuel Camak, J. W. Cooke, William Claxton, J. B. Fetner*, F. L. Frazier*, R. G. Gladney, J. G. Hagwood, John Harrison*, Matthew Harper, J. A. McCreight, T. J. Myers H. McGraw, Aaron McGraw*, Arthur McGraw’, James S. McNeal, John McGowan, John Neeley*, William Nelson, S. T. Newman, David, Nolan*, J. W. Pogue, John Barnald, James Phillips*, W. W. Robertson*, Osmund Reynolds, Thomas Reynolds, H. J. Reynolds, Jason Raines, James Romedy%*, Samuel Row, Abram Richardson*, W. W. Richardson, G. W. Sanders, Alex Stuart, Madison Stuber, William Smith, Jackson Strange, Selden Smart, Henry Scott, M. Stafford, W. B. Stanley, R. J. True*, W. L. Tidwell, Samuel Wylie*, James A. Wylie, Silas Wilson, John Woodward, A. D. Sparkes, J. M. Craig, Ensley Dukes, T. L. Yongue, James Caynes, H. L. Moore, J. P. Debtor, Alex Solomon. FAairFIELD IN THE Wars 125 Colonel A. H. Gladden, who went out as major of the Palmetto Regiment, became colonel when Colonel P. M. Butler and LieutColonel J. P. Dickinson were killed. Colonel Gladden was a brigadier general in the Confederate War, and was killed in Virginia. He was a native of Fairfield though he was practicing law in Columbia when he went to the Mexican War. THE CONFEDERATE WAR No county could hardly have made a better showing in the Confederate War than did Fairfield. By the census of 1860 Fairfield County had 1578 white males between the ages of 15 and 60 years of age. The best obtainable records show that Fairfield furnished about 2,000 men to the Confederacy. There were here and there a few men from other counties, in companies in the Confederate army credited to Fairfield, but also there were men from Fairfield in companies not credited entirely to. Fairfield. But it may be said that Fairfield furnished six companies in the 6th, S. C. V., two companies in the 12th S. C. V., two companies in the 17th, S. C. V., one company in the First S. C. V., one company in Rion’s battalion, and two companies of cavalary. When the 6th, S. C. V. was organized Col. James H. Rion was colonel, but upon its reorganization Captain John Bratton of the Fairfield Fensibles was made colonel, and so continued until he was made brigadier general. The Sixth 8. C. V. Infantry Regiment at the time of its organization in 1861 was composed of ten companies, six of which were almost wholly of Fairfield County men, Page 98 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 the other four companies were of men almost wholly of men from Chester and Lancaster counties. The field and staff and the six companies from Fairfield at the time of the organization, as published in The News and flerald, Winnsboro, in a Memorial edition May 25, 1910 follows: Field and Staff Officers James H. Rion, Colonel; A. J. Secrest, Lieutenant Colonel; T. W. Woodward, Major; Julius Mills, Adjutant; J. J. McLure, Quartermaster; Isaac H. Means, Commissary; John Douglas, Surgeon; Jno. D. Palmer, Assistant Surgeon; Charles B. Betts, Chaplain; William B. Creight, Sergeant-Major; William 8S. Rabb, Quartermaster- Sergeant. Cedar Creek Rifle Compang Officers J. B. Harrison, Captain; J. L. Kennedy, First Lieutenant; W. A. Kennedy, Second Lieutenant; J. A. Hinnant, Third Lieutenant; R. W. Kennedy, First Sergeant; S. Y. Rosborough, Second Sergeant; J. W. Deloney, Third Sergeant; A. Hays, Fourth Sergeant; Joe Rose, Fifth Sergeant; J. B. Broom, First Corporal; J. A. Kennedy, Second Corporal; B. F. Bryant, Third Corporal; J. M. Dinkle, Fourth Corporal; S. W. Broom, Fifth Corporal. Privates Brazwell, William; Beckham, William; Broom, J. W.; Cotton, Joe; Dunning, William; Dunning, James; Douglass, D. S.; Dunlap, Joe; Dunlap, James; Dunlap, S. P.; Dorning, William; Entminger, J. N.; Farmer, J. W.; Freeman, E.; Finley, D.; Hatcher, W. H.; Hays, B; Hendrix, John; Hendrix, J. S.; Hollis, Mose; Hollis, C.; Hollis, J. L.; Hollis, Jno.; Hoffman, J. L.; Hood, S. Y.; Hood, Richard; Hood, H. E.; Huffsletter, J. L.; Miller, J. L.; Neeley, R.; Paul, J. W.; Paul, Thomas; Richardson, J. R.; Richardson, Jno.; Robinson, J. W.; Robinson, W. R.; Robinson, J. T.; Rosborough, J. L.; Rosborough, E. F.; Rose, Saml.; Simpson, S. J.; Smart, R. N.; Smith, W. R. T.; Smith, R. A.; Smith, W. H.; Smith, William; Smith, Jos.; Tidwell, D.; Tidwell, S. P.; Tone, J. H.; Vaughan, J. M.; Veronee, C. B.; Wyrick, W. P.; Williamson, J. H.; Wilson, F. Boyce Guards Officers J. N. Shedd, Captain; J. P. Macfie, First Lieutenant; J. M. Phinney, Second Lieutenant; U. C. Trapp, Third Lieutenant; T. M. McCants, First Sergeant; D. V. Frazier, Second Sergeant; L. H. Trapp, Third Sergeant; J. R. Delleney, Fourth Sergeant; J. W. Sloan, Fifth Sergeant; J. S. Robinson, First Corporal; J. D. Cureton, Second Corporal; A. P. Irby, Third Corporal; FaIrFIELD IN THE Wars 127 J. C. Ketchim, Fourth Corporal; J. W. Rabb, Fifth Corporal ; L. M. Bookhart, Sixth Corporal. Privates Armstrong, W. A.; Boyd, J. W.; Brice, W. M.; Brown, A. S.; Brown, J. G.; Brown, J. T.; Brown, P.; Brown, F. C.; Camack, S. Y.; Carlisle, J. H.; Cohen, J. H.; Cook, S. Page 99 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 H. Cotton, Z. A.; Craig, R. E.; Curry, W. P.; Davis, J. H.; Dunn, David; Durant, Thomas; Fenley, J. P.; Ford, William; Gibson, H. J.; Gibson, W. J. A.; Gilbert, W. B.; Glass, J. H.; Gregg, C. D.; Harden, James; Hawes, L. W.; Hogan, Jasper; Jenkins, J. B.; Ladd, A. W.; Ladd, G. D.; Leitner, C. E.; Lewis, J. A.; Long, H. C.; Lyles, J. T.; McAerduff, H. R.; McCreight, J. T.; McCreight, J. W.; McGinniss, William; McKinstry; W. D.; Miller, William; Milling, W. A.; Nelson, F. C.; Parnell, W. M.; Powell, 5 Robertson, N. C.; Robertson, D. H.; Robertson, J. B.; Robinson, J. B.; Robinson, T. H.; Rabb, J. R.; Saddler, J. M.; Sloan, R. B.; Smith, J. H.; Stevenson, Saml.; Stevenson, William; Sprinkle, T. J.; Tinkler, J. C.; Tinkler, R. A.; Turner, A. Y.; Watt, T. C.; Watt, B. F.; Wyrick, Jesse; Wooten, Jas; Wooten, Wesley; Yarborough, W. G. Fairfield Fencibles Officers John Bratton, Captain; S. M. Smart, First Lieutenant; H. L. Isbell, Second Lieutenant; D. A. Smith, First Sergeant; R. W. Gaillard, Second Sergeant; H. A. Gaillard, Third Lieutenant; S. H. Crumpton, Third Sergeant; William Clarke, Fourth Sergeant; W. C. Buchanan, Fifth Sergeant; H. O. Duke, First Corporal; R. N. McMaster, Second Corporal; J. S. Tidwell, Third Corporal; J. C. Mobley, Fourth Corporal; S. R. Johnson, Fifth Corporal; B. P. Alston, Sixth Corporal. Privates Alston, J. C.; Arledge, Moses; Bell, C. J.; Barber, J. S.; Boulware, J. P.; Boulware, J. C.; Bunner, T. J .; Bird, Peter; Bagley, G. L.; Boggs, G. E.; Boggs, T. A.; Clarke, J. C.; Clarke, Robert; Cooper, J. H.; Cooper, W. J.; Coleman, C. S.; Drake, S. H.; DuBose, R. M.; Durham, W. S.; Durham, F. M.; Ellison, W. A.; Eastler, Robert; Fogg, T. P.; Fogg, J. M.; Griffin, T. G.; Gadsden, C. E.; Gaillard, J. D.; Gladden, Nicholas; Gladden, Silas; Goza, J. F. Henson, T.; Hodges, W. T.; Jameson, G. A.; Jameson, W. H.; Jones, W. F.; Kelley, B. E.; Mathews, J. R.; McClenaghan, C.; Martin, J. W.; Melton, Wyatt; McCully, William; Mobley, Z.; Myers, N. P.; Nelson, W. H.; Raines, J. C.; Raines, W. R.; Rawls, J. F.; Robertson, J. E.; Rose, J. C.; Rowe, J. W.; Rowe, W.F.; Rutland, C. S.; Smith, H. A.; Seigler, W. Y.; Stewart, John; Shaw, John; Taylor, G. B.; Williamson, T. T. Wilson, J. N.; Yongue, W. E. Little River Guards Officers J. M. Brice, Captain; W. B. Cabeen, First Lieutenant; B. M. Whitener, Second Lieutenant; J. P. Bell, Third Lieutenant; C. T. Robinson, First Sergeant; R. W. Brice, Second Sergeant; R. Kilpatrick, Third Sergeant; Calvin Brice, Fourth Sergeant; J. W. Gladden, Fifth Sergeant; R. G. Pannell, First Corporal ; R. S. Aiken, Second Corporal; D. T. Crosby, Third Corporal ; Jesse Simpson, Fourth Corporal; Samuel McCarley, Fifth Corporal; Richard Caban, Sixth Corporal. Privates Bell, C. J.; Brice, T. S.; Brice, J. Y.; Brice, J. M.; Brice, J. P.; Brice, Henry; Boulware, Thomas; Boulware, D. P.; Varnadore, A.; Baradore, W.; Banks, J. W.; Blain, J. M.; Beam, Judge; Cork, John; Chisholm, C. J.; Cameron, J. F.; Crosby, J. H.; Corder, J. E.; Dove, Eylie; Dove, W. R.; Dove, Oliver; Dove, Richard; Dove, Hiram; Dove, Samuel; Douglass, Samuel; Douglass, A. C.; Dunbar, Nat.; Dunbar, James; Heffner, G. W.; Huffman, John; Hill, James; Lumpkins, F.; Levister, R. C.; Page 100 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Lael, D.; McCarley, Hugh; Mobley, D. M.; Mobley, A. J.; Miller, J. B.; McAlduff, Thomas; Montgomery, J. B.; Pannel, Israel; Phiney, C. S.; Pettis, J. M.; Robinson, John; Robinson, Nat.; Roseborough, J. F.; Roberts, Alexander; Roberts, Richards; Ritchie, William; Sterling, T. R.; Sterling, J. R.; Sterling, Caleb; Street, Jeff; Stevenson, David; Stephenson, James; Simonton, W. B.; Taylor, W. P.; Tennant, James; Wier, W. S.; FAIRFIELD IN THE Wars 129 Wier, William; Wages, Aaron; Woodward, Joel: Yongue, William; Yongue, J. L.; Young, Andy; Turkett, J. A. Pickens Guard Officers J. M. Moore, Captain; James Beaty, First Lieutenant; J. E. Johnston, Second Lieutenant; William Wallace, Third Lieutenant; J. H. McDaniel, First Sergeant; J. R. P. Gibson, Second Sergeant; William Simpson, Third Sergeant; R. W. Adams, Fourth Sergeant; J. P. Black, Fifth Sergeant; E. T. Gibson, First Corporal; J. D. Adams, Second Corporal; H. C. Yongue, Third Corporal; William McDaniel, Fourth Corporal; William A. Harvey, Fifth Corporal; S. S. McDill, Sixth Corporal. Privates Anderson, R. B.; Ashford, J. H.; Barber, J. F.; Barber, H. A.; Bell, Charles; Bagley, W. M.; Bagley, John; Black, Robert; Black, A. G.; Black, Gaines; Black, David; Bigham, J. W.; Brown, W. M.; Brown, James; Beaty, Alexander; Caldwell, J. T.; Caldwell, J. L.; Creighton, A. N.; Coleman, H. A.; Dawkins, M. T.; Dawkins, W. C.; Dickey, Peter; Douglass, L. S.; Douglass, S. W.; Douglass, J. T. H.; Dunlap, D. C.; Ford, N. T.; Ford, Langley; Erwin, R. B.; Gladden, Adolphus; Gibson, Osmund; Gaston, W. H.; Harris, Peter; Hogan, William N.; Kilgore, Samuel; Little, J. B.; McDill, William; Mills, E. M.; McLemore, Thomas; McLemore, F. M.; McClintock, J. C.; McClintock, J. L.; McDonald, T. S.; McWatters, Sa’l.; Morris, Howard; Morrison, A. S.; Nunnery, C. G.; Macon, B. W.; Orr, Andrew; Ratteree, L. D.; Ragsdale, W. H.; Stevenson, R. A.; Stevenson, W. G.; Stewart, W. M.; Stinson, W. C.; Spence, J. W.; Smith, Jacob; Thomas, S. J.; Walker, W. A.; Walker, H.; Wallace, Robt.; Wylie, P. C.; Wylie, J. B.; Wyhe J. D.; Wylie, O. A.; Wylie, J. R. Officers and Members of Monticello Guards Officers J. Bunyan Davis, Captain; J. T. Dawkins, First Lieutenant; W. J. Dawkins, Second Lieutenant; R. J. Kelly, Third Lieutenant; J. C. Bell, First Sergeant; H. McCormick, Second Sergeant; D. R. Elkins, Third Sergeant; J. B. Martin, Fourth Sergeant; J. W. Gladney, Fifth Sergeant; J. B. Hay, First Corporal ; W. Pettigrew, Second Corporal; David Martin, Third Corporal ; J. P. Gladney, Fourth Corporal; James Murphy, Fifth Corporal ; Privates D. Aiken, W. Blair, W. Mc. Blair, C. Blair, J. W. Bush, J. Butler, W. T. Clarke, W. C. Crumpton, J. A. Counts, Josh Chappell, Henry H. Chappell, N. M. Clark, Z. B. Day, H. Dawkins, D. S. Douglas, G. Free, J. Free, H. Y. Gladney, J. B. Gladney, F. Griffin, J. Gelston, D. Glenn, W. Gibson, J. Germany, A. F. Hodge, C. D. Hodge, C. Hunt, W. Holley, J. B. Hinnant, L. T. James, M. Kirkland, D. C. Karkland, W. F. Kirkland, W. W. Lyles, W. Long, H. C. Long, J. R. Murphy, S. A. Murphy, J. Martin, Page 101 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 H. Mulvanar, J. D. Moor, W. W. Mundle, T. Metts, W. Morgan, T. McGill, A. McConnell, G. B. McConnell, J. McMeekin, T. McMeekin, J. E. McMilling, J. W. Pearson, R. Parrott, J. H. Petticrew, R. F. Peake, T. M. Robinson, D. B. Smith, P. H. Smith, J. A. Smith, J. Smith, J. P. Shedd, W. H. Shedd, J. H. Stanton, T. H. Smart, T. R. Wheat, J. Willingham, W. E. Willingham, A. Walker, T. I. Yarborough. Buck Head Guards Officers Ij. J. Means, Captain; W. B. Lyles, First Lieutenant; R. S. Means, Second Lieutenant; J. F. V. Legg, Third Lieutenant; S. B. Clowney, First Sergeant; H. H. Berley, Second Lieutenant; A. J. McConnell, Third Sergeant; J. A. F. Coleman, Fourth Sergeant; R. H. Morris, Fifth Sergeant. Privates Allen, E. P.; Arnett, B. A.; Beam, A. T.; Burns, T. D.; Chapman, B. M.; Clarke, T. W.; Clarke, R. M.; Cockrel, J. H.; Coleman, F. D.; Coleman, H. J.; Coleman, H. A.; Coleman, A. G.; Coleman, R. C.; Coleman, G. W.; Counts, W. R.; Crowder, J. W.; Crowder, T. A.; Dickerson, W. M.; Dye, J. L. M.; Ederington, A. L.; Fant, 8S. P.; Falkner, J.; Feaster, J. C.; FarrFieELD IN THE Wars 131 Grubbs, J.; Grubbs, A.; Halsell, P.; Hill, S. A.; Holby, J. P.; Hooppaugh, W. A.; Hooppaugh, J. L.; Hunt, W. W.; Hutchinson, R. O.; Hutchinson, T. C.; Hutchinson, W. B.; Hutchinson, J. S.; Jones, S. A.; Jones, W. S.; James, D. T.; Jennings, J.C. B.; Lemmon, J. M.; Levister, W. D.; Lyles, N. P.; Lyles, A. P.; Macon, W. H.; Mabry, W. R.; Mobley, C.; McLane, H. J.; Nevitt, J. R.; Norris, W. B.; Norris, N.; Osborne, J. R.; Owens, W. W.; Pearson, G. B.; Quinn, R. E.; Rochester, J.; Seymour, J.; Stanton, R. E.; Stevenson, J. Y.; Stevenson, S. W.; Stewart, W.; Stokes, W.; Street, W. A.; Shetland, F.; Traylor, T. W.; Varnadore, T.; Wright, J. D.; Yongue, C. B. fioll of Co. B, (Lyles’ Rifles) ith 5. C. Battalion, as organized November, 1861, with recruits added: James H. Rion, Captain; John R. Harrison, First Lieutenant ; John L. Kennedy, Second Lieutenant; H. L. Isbell, Third Lieutenant; R. W. Kennedy, First Sergeant; S. H. Duke, Second Sergeant; Francis Gerig, Third Sergeant; Joel A. Smith, Fourth Sergeant; C. E. Gadsden; James P. Cason, 1, First Corporal; James Rabb, 1, Second Corporal; H. O. Duke,l, Third Corporal; J. S. Tidwell, 1, Fourth Corporal. Privates Abott, Dan., 1; Abott, John, 1; Abott, Jesse, 1; Aiken, J. W.; Allen, James, 1; Bagley, W. A.; Broom, C. P. A., 1;Bookhart, A. G. 1; Boyd, John, 1; Bailey, J. A.; Barber, George; Barber, N. C.; Barber, Thomas 1; Blizzard, J.; Blizzard, J. A.; Blizzard, D. A.; Boney, Jno. T.; Black, L. D., 1; Brown, E. T.; Brown, Jno. S.; Brown, James W., 1; Chirstmas, T. H.; Cloud, D. G.; Cloud, T. E.; Cook, Samuel H.; Cooper, W. J .; Cork, John; Crawford, S. L.; Crumpton, L. A.; Cohen, Morris; Cotton, Jos.,1; Crawford, Thomas; Crawford, D.; Crosby, Rufus.; Crosby, Nevitt; Dawkins, Henry; Dickey, C. A.,1; Dunbar, Sam’l.; Dunbar, Henry; Dunlap, Peter; Dye, John; Douglas, S. W.; Eastler, James, 1; Eastler, John; Eastler, Alger; Estes, Wylie; Evins, William; Frasier, Dan; Faust, Jasper J .; Fields, Robt.; Gladden, Silas; Gladden, James; Gladney, T. J., 1; Gibson, Harison; Gunnell, J. S.,1; Page 102 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Hammon, H.; Hagood, Jos., 1; Hagood, G. W.; Hagood, Jeff, 1; Harrison, Eli; Harrison, J. E.; Harrison, J. D.,1; Hogan, W. B.,1; Hogan, Marion; Hollis, Jno. L; Hood, H. E.; Hood, John; Hood, J. T.; Hood, Isaiah; Haynes, Chas. ; Hayes, Chas., 1; Howell, S. M., 1; Huey, A. M.; Holt, W. A.; Hinnant, A.,1; Hinnant, J. S.,1; Jamison, C.,1; Jamison, A. L.; Jamison, W. H., 1; Jeffers, R. L., 1; Jeffers, McKinsie; Johnston, Thomas; Kennedy, A. B.; Kennedy, J. F.; King, Benjamin; McGraw, A. J.; McGraw, N. C.; McDonald, J.,1; McDonald, L.; McCully, James; McIntyre, J.,1; Murray, W. B.; Melton, Levi, 1; Martin, George, 1; Mundel, John; Mobley, R. L.; Neil, Jno. H., 1; Neely, John; Perry, Isaac; Perry, S. G.; Perry, S. N.; Phillips, R. W., 1; Powers, James, 1; Poteet, Jacob; Propst, W. K.; Price, Cuthbert; Rimer, Alexander, 1; Rosboro, James; Raines, J. M., 1; Rose, J. A.; Rose, W. B.; Reed, Daniel; Robertson, Joe; Smith, W. W., 1; Starnes, A. W.; Stevenson, Huey; Stevenson, R., 1; Sexton, J. B.,1; Scott, J. W.,1; Stewart, James; Stewart, Dallis; Stewart, W., 1; Trapp, Allen; Tidwell, Chas.; Thomas, William:; Watts, J. A., 1; Watts, J. T.; Williamson, G., 1; Wilson, John; Wilson, David; Wilson, J. M.; Wright, Jesse; Wyrick, J. Y.; Lee, James; Land, Frank; Levester, Jno.; Lewis, Richard; Wooten, Rich.; Kelly, Dug., 1; Sheppard, James; Thornton, Pete, 1; Simms, A.,1; Yongue, C. B., 1. Company Surgeon, W. K. Propst, M.D. Company Commissary, Eli Harrison. Commissary Clerk, Saml. H. Cook. Published by request of surviving members. All marked “1” are living. Hampton's Legion At the time of organization the following was the roster of one of the calvry companies, largely Fairfield men, which afterwards became Company H., S. C. C. under Colonel (afterwards General) M. C. Butler: Officers Thomas Taylor, Captain; Campbell Bryce, J. P. Macfie, W. H. Taylor, Lieutenant; Joseph G. Harlan, W. H. Waring, John Sondley, John T. Rhett, F. Elmore, Sergeants; Joe Caldwell, William Haskell, W. A. Clarkson, Corporals. FAIRFIELD IN THE Wars 133 Privates Augustine, H.; Barnwell, W.; Boone, ; Boozer, D. L., Beckham, Frank; Blood, ____; Betsill, W. T.; Betsill, W. P.; Bass, Toland; Brown, Jack; Crabtree, Tom; Craig, R. E.; Clark, William; Clark, Robt.; Dargan, Tim; Dent, J ohn; Durham, William ; Davis, J. H.; Davis, Jesse B.; Davis, O. C.; Estes, Thomas; Estes, Wesley; Flanigan, Richard; Fowls, James; Fitch, Thomas J.; Fraser, James; Green, Julian; Hall, William; Haltiwanger, A; Howell, William; Hunnicut, ____; Kennedy, A.; Lawson, W. F.; Lawson, J. L.; Lynch, David; Lumsden, D. L.; Law, James W.; Leverett, _.... ; Mayrant, Robt.; McGinnis, William; MecWhiter, J. W.; McMaster, R. N.; McAndrews, W.; Murphy, Chas.; Poltier, Richard; Puryear, William; Purdee, Tom; Poag, Leroy; Pope, Burrell; Ruff, John; Rosborough, A.; Speck, Dr. F.; Suber, John Sill, William; Shivernell, J ake; Shiver, James; Smith, Levi D.; Simpson, John; Sheridan, Steve; Turkett, Dr.; Trezevant, H.; Tarrar, Jake; Tarrar, Frank; Page 103 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Thornwell, G.; Williamson, H.; Wells, John; W elburn, John; Young, William; Young, Whirter. Recruits Hughes, William G.; Ferrell, William; Lemmon, J ohn; Owens, Dr.; Parks, Tom; Woodward, William; Mobley, Ed. P.; Mobley, James; Hood, Andrew; Fraser, John; Clarkson, Tom. Note :—Mr. R. N. McMaster has furnished the following list of officers who were elected at the reorganization of the company : James P. Macfie, Captain; W. H. Waring, John Sondley, John T. Rhett, Lieutenants; James Fowell, W. A.; Clarkson, R. N.; McMaster; W. S. Durham, Sergeants. Governor John Hugh Means, killed at the battle of Second Manassas, a native of Fairfield, was the first colonel of the 17th, S. C. V. He was succeeded by Col. Fitz William McMaster, who remained in command until the close of the war, though he commanded Elliott’s brigade at the battle of the Crater, General Elliott having been wounded. Company B, Seventeenth Regiment Infantry S. C. V. Officers W. Preston Coleman, N. A. Burley, Captains; William Taylor, B. F. Coleman, A. J. McConnell, S. R. Fant, J. A. F. Coleman, First Lieutenants; Edward Stanton, James W. Parnell, Second Lieutenants; Thomas Boulware, Reuben Boulware, Sergeant Majors; Robert C. Coleman, J. Watt Crowder, James M. McCallum, J. D. Wright, J. D. Curry, G. W. Coleman, Simeon Hunt, Sergeants; S. A. Hill, Q. Boulware, Thomas Fowler, James Dye, Thomas Burns, Robert Mobley, Joseph Free, Corporals. Privates John Banks, Jesse Beam, Pinckney Boulware, W. J. Burley, Adam Burley, John Burns, R. Bruce Burns, R. F. Cameron, A. B. Cameron, David Carter, Berry Chapman, Jacob F. Coleman, Henry A. Coleman, Jr., Ed. A. Coleman, Henry J. Coleman, Robert L. Coleman, Frank Crane, Rufus Crosby, W. J. Crowder, Robert Crowder, Thomas A. Crowder, Hiram Dickerson, Marion Dickerson, John Dickerson, John Donohue, Richard Dove, Hiram Dove, Samuel Dove, Thomas E. Dye, Charles Dye, Eph Fant, W. H. Feaster, C. Fowler, George Free, J. N. Hammond, W. Hanks, Edward C. Hill, Henry Jefferies, William Jenkins, R. J. Jenkins, J. Kennedy, Elmore Knight, Joseph H. Lewis, James McGill, Sr., James McGill, Jr., W. J. Macon, A. J. Mobley, T. A. Mobley, James Moore, W. Morgan, S. J. Osmond, Alex Roberts, J. L. Stevenson, John Taylor, John Thomas, David Williamson, Hiram Williamson, Allea G. Coleman, Lee Hunter, Jake Hoppaugh, Tyree Lee. The roll of Company B. Seventeenth Regiment, Infantry, S. C. V. show a total of 89 men, at that time, of whom 13 were discharged for one cause or another, leaving 76 men on the roll. Of these 15 were killed in battle, and 13 died of disease. During the war the roll varied greatly, and the total number in the company for the whole war cannot be stated. These comments apply to the early organization. The two captains were 33 and 27 years old respectively; two of the lheutenants were 24 years old, two were 25 and one was 32; a father, James McGill, Sr., was 40 years old, and his son James McGill, Jr., was 17; another man Adam Burley was 40 years Page 104 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 old, and 56 were in the 20 to 30 ages, and four or five from 30 to 35, James McGill, Jr., G. W. Coleman, Robert L. Coleman, Rufus Crosby, W. H. Peaster, R. J. Jenkins and J. L. Stevenson were 17 years old; six were 18 years old and three were 19 years old. FAIRFIELD IN THE Wars 135 As stated the personnel of the commands varied from time to time. At one time the following officers and men were in Company B. Sixth S. C. V. Infantry; were from Fairfield; B. P. Alston, Captain; J. G. Alston, Second Lieutenant. Privates: J. W. Alston, B. F. Boulware, J. R. Boulware, Henry A. Gaillard. At one time Company H, Sixth 8. C. V. Infantry had the following membership from Fairfield: Officers W. Boykin Lyles, Captain; Samuel B. Clowney, Second Lieutenant; R. Wade Brice, First Sergeant; Calvin Brice, Third Sergeant; Nicholas P. Lyles, Fifth Sergeant; Thomas S. Brice, Second Corporal, John M. Brice, Fourth Corporal. Privates Edward P. Allen, Robt. C. Arnith, John Banks, James M. Blair, Melvin Blair, James A. Brice, Hart H. Burley, William A. Carr, John F’. Cameron, Robert M. Clarke, Robert C. Clowney, William J. Clowney, George W. Coleman, Walter I. Counts, Joseph H .Crosby, James D. Dye, Frank English, David R. Elkin, John C. Feaster, Trezevant D. Feaster, Frank Griffin, Joseph H. Glen, I. Lee Gresham, John C. Hancock, Alexander T. Holley, William A. Hoppaugh, Robert C. Hutchinson, Jonathan P. Hutchinson, W. W. Hunt, James S. Hall, David T. James, William 8S. Jones, William H. Kerr, Richard C. Levister, William Lucas, Woodward Lyles John W. Martin, Hugh McCormick, Timothy McShane, Andrew J. Mobley, Zeb Mobley, John B. Montgomery, R. Morris, James B. Murphy, Nicholas P. Myers, Thomas McGill, John M. Hevitt, Joseph K. Hevitt, William B. Norris, John R. Osborne, John P. Parrott, Philipp P. Pearson, Richard E. Quinn, Joel F. Rabb, Walter B. Simonton, William B. Simonton, Charles P. Simonton, Thomas R. Sterling, Samuel H. Stevenson, J. Y. Stevenson, Thomas W. Traylor, Rutledge Stokes, William J. Weir, Berry A. Chapman, Wallace Lyles. What is true of the men of Fairfield in the Confederate War is true of men from all the counties, they are to be found scattered in many commands, where preference for commanders or other causes made them enlist and by transfers or reenlistments are found in different commands at different times during the war. In the First Regiment of Calvary, commanded by Colonel John L. Black, a Fairfield man, also a West Pointer, are to be found James A. Brice in Company D, Joseph Jenkins, John W. Lyles, Belton Lyles, and Thomas L. Peay in Company K, all Fairfield men. In the Second Cavalry were found Fairfield men as follows: B. E. Elkins, Q. M. Sergeant, Ralph Swindler, Company, A., and in the Company H, Peter Couturier Thomas, John McCully, E. P. Mobley, James Mobley, and R. E. Craig. There were probably many other Fairfield men in the regiment, but they were not designated on the rolls. In the Fifth Cavalry was John Cain, aged 20 in Co. K. Page 105 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 In the First Regiment of Infantry, Company F. were W. E. Bolick, I. W. Crosland, Nathaniel Fetner, James Gladden, J. S. Hunt, and L. L. Koon. In another First Regiment (Hagood’s) S. B. Clowney was the regimental adjutant. John A. Meyers, Sergeant, Company C, Second S. C. V. T. Edmund Gaillard, Corporal, Company I, Second S. C. V. Frank Bryant in Company A, and W. J. Clowney, Second Lieutenant, Company I, Fifth Regiment 8S. C. V. The field and staff officers of the Sixth S. C. V., at various times were the following: Colonels, James H. Rion, Fairfield; Charles S. Winder, Maryland; John Bratton, Fairfield; James M. Steadman, Fairfield; A. J. Secrest, Chester; and John M. White, Chester; Lieutenant Colonels: Majors Thomas W. Woodward, Fairfield; Ed. J. McLure, and James L. Coker, Darlington; Adjutants, Joseph G. Blount, Maryland; Julius Mills, Chester; Henry A. Gaillard, Fairfield; Quartermaster, John J. McLure, Chester; Assistant Quartermaster, John L. Agurs, Chester ; Commissary, Isaac H. Means, Fairfield; Assistant Commissary, James Pagan, Chester, and Quartermaster, J. Lucius Love, Chester; Surgeons, John Douglass, A. F. Anderson, Robert Jordan and 8S. E. Babcock all from Chester and John D. Palmer, Fairfield; Sergeant Majors, William B. Creight, and W. P. Curry, Fairfield, and Julius T. Rader, Chester and Beverly W. Means, Fairfield; Quartermaster Sergeants, W. S. Rabb, Fairfield, and Paul Romare, Chester. pyr FarrrigLD IN THE Wars 137 In the Sixth Cavalry, S. C. V., commanded by Colonel Hugh K. Aiken, a Fairfield County man, the officers of Company C, were from the counties indicated and the ages given; Capt. Peter W. Goodwin, 35, Abbeville; First Lieut. Robert W. Kennedy, 38, Fairfield; Second Lieut. Richmond W. Cobb, Abbeville; Third Lieut. Walter A. Burley, 25, Fairfield, John Clowney, 35, First Sergeant, Fairfield; Jesse M. Wilson, Second Sergeant, Fairfield; Reuben Bell, Third Sergeant, 23, Fairfield; Fifth Sergeant, Robert A. Roseborough, 85, Fairfield; James M. Beard, 40, Third Corporal; Samuel McQuarters, 38. The following named privates were from Fairfield: John C, Albert, 24; A. A. Boykin, 24; __, Bright, 45; John C. Boulware, 38; Reuben D. Boulware, 40; Samuel Branham, 20; Zack A. Crumpton, 18; Samuel H. Crumpton, 39; James W. Coleman, 18; James Edward Craig, 18; William B. Caheen, 45; J. Cockrell, 40; A. Jack Downs, 40; Thomas Douglass, 40; William Ford, 40; L. B. Foote, 838; N. Gladden, 45; William Gladden, 45; Jack Gladden, 40; Robert M. Harmon, 18; Samuel W. Kennedy, 35; James A. Kennedy, 40; Edward Kennedy, 40; Arthur B. Kennedy, W. R. Kennedy, William Kelly, 40; Thomas S. Moore, 20; William R. Raines, 30; John W. Robinson, 30; Samuel W. Robinson, 18; Samuel C. Rosborough, 28; Robert J. Ross, 43; John Stewart, 28; William Trapp, 45; Labon Trapp, 40; Truesdale, 37; William Watts, 22; L. W. Watts, 18. The above are only the men from Fairfield in this cavalry regiment. It is noticeable that much older men were in the calvary regiment than in the Company B. Seventh S. C. V. Page 106 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 In the Company C. Sixth S. C. V. Calvary the captain was 35 years old, first lieutenant 38, and second lieutenant 25. There were 17 privates and non- commissioned officers from 40 to 45, ten from 30 to 39; eight from 20 to 29, and six 18 years old. In Company B, Seventeenth, S. C. V. Infantry only two men were 40 years old, 56 were 20 to 30, five 30 to 35, seven were 17, six were 18, and three were 19, no officer was over 33, several 24 or 25. ROLL OF COMPANY C AND COMPANY F Fairfield County Twelfth South Carolina Regiment The Twelfth South Carolina Regiment was commanded by Col. R. G. M. Donnovant, Lieut. Dixon Barnes and Major Cad. Jones. This regiment was composed of ten companies as follows: Company A from York, Captain W. H. McCorkle Company B from York, Captain John L. Miller Company C from Fairfield, Captain Henry C. Davis Company D from Richland, Captain E. F. Bookter Company E from Lancaster, Captain Vanlandingham Company F from Fairfield, Captain Hayne McMeekin Company G from Pickens, Captain Gaillard Company H from York, Captain J. M. Steele Company I from Lancaster, Captain Hinson Company K from Pickens, Captain J. C. Neville These companies assembled at Lightwood Knot Spring and were mustered into the Confederate service by Colonel John L. Black August 20, 1861. Company C—Captain Henry C. Davis, promoted Lieutenant Colonel February 4, 1863, wounded at Sharpsburg. First Lieut. John W. Delaney, killed at Gaines’ Mill June 27, 1863. Second Lieut. John A. Hinnant, wounded at Gaines’ Mill, lost leg at Gettysburg. Third Lieut. Samuel Y. Roseborough, wounded at Sharpsburg, promoted to First Lieutenant; First Sergt. S. W. Broom, appointed Regimental Ordnance Sergeant. Second Sergt. John R. Thomas promoted to Captain. Third Sergt. J. W. Robinson. Fourth Sergt. J. R. Boyles, wounded at White Oak Swamp June 30, 1862, elected Lieutenant February, 1863, wounded and disabled at Gettysburg July 1, 1863. Fifth Sergt. John L. Goza wounded at 2nd Manassas. First Corpl. J. A. Roseborough, wounded in the Seven Days’ fight June 27, 1862. Promoted to First Sergeant. Second Corpl. John W. Broom, promoted to Sergeant, Ixilled at Gettysburg July 2, 1868. FAIRFIELD IN THE Wars 139 Third Corpl. Josiah Neely, promoted to Sergeant. Fourth Corpl. J. H. True, promoted to Sergeant. Fifth Corpl. Samuel Rose, died 1862. Page 107 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Sixth Corpl. W. H. Smith killed. Privates Thomas Arlege, disabled from wounds. John Ayers, died during war. William Bishop discharged in 1863 over age. M. L. Braswell. A. Clark Braswell killed at Gaines’ Mill June 27, 1862. William Blake; R. V. Brazel; Thomas Brown; John B. Brown; J. Lee Brown; W. C. Buchanan killed at Ox Hill 1862. A. J. Carter died in Richmond 1863. D. L. Carter wounded at Gettysburg. George Cook wounded at Sharpsburg. Jesse Cook killed at Spottsylvania 1864. William Cook wounded at Wilderness. C. 5. Coleman, discharged over age 1863. J. H. Cooper; Samuel F. Cooper; S. Y. Crossland; John D. Crossland; Powell Davis; Riley Davis died in Richmond 1863. Sylvester Davis died in Richmond; in 1863. M. Dinkel, William Duren died in Beaufort 1861. S. S. Douglass died from wounds received in the battle of Gaines’ Mill 27th day of June 1862. A. S. Dunlap; Joseph J. Dunlap killed at Fredricksburg December 13, 1863. James Dunlap died in Richmond 1863. Alfred Dunn; David Dunn died from wounds in Spottsylvania. R. H. Easler. William Ellis died in Richmond in 1864. W. W. Entzminger; John Iintzminger; James W. Farmer; John Fleming. John M. Fogg; Enoch Freeman died at Pocotaligo 1862. John Freeman died at Guinea Station in 1863. William Freeman died at Guinea Station 1863. Robert Freeman died in Richmond 1864. James Freeman; Robert Goza died in Richmond 1861. G. W. Hathcock. James W. Hathcock; Arthur Hays wounded at Gaines’ Mill. John Hays died at Guinea Station 1863. W. H. Hatcher teamster; George W. Hendrix killed Petersburg 1864. John A. Hendrix; Jesse Hendrix died at Gettysburg. Henry M. Hinnant; John L. Hollis; James Huffstiller; Ben Hood; John Howell wounded at Petersburg. Thomas Howell; James Joyner, John A. Kennedy; John Lucas died Elmira 1864. William T. Mickle died from wounds at Gaines’ Mill. Roland Moss died at Gettysburg. Richard Neely died in Richmond 1863. Thomas Paul died at Hamilton Crossing 1863. J. W. Paul; S. R. Perry. Edmund Price; William J. Price died; Robert F. Pogne; Anthony Raines killed carrying colors Gettysburg. William Raines died at Ridgeway. Henry Raines; Thomas Reynolds; James H. Reynolds; Osmund Reynolds; Joseph Reynolds; Roland Reynolds; Hastings Reynolds drowned at St. Helena Sound in 1861. Reuben J. Richardson killed at Sharpsburg. John Richardson killed at Gettysburg. John 8. Richardson killed at Gaines’ Mill. William Richardson killed near James River 1864. Thomas L. Richardson; Wiliam D. Richardson; N. C. Robertson, Sergt. Major; John A. Robertson; J. L. Robinson; A. W. Robinson died near Richmond. E. Frank Roseborough wounded at White Oak Swamp. James L. Roseborough; Com. Sergt. Joseph Rose killed at Gettysburg; William A. Rose; William Rush; J. B. Schwartz killed at Gettysburg; J. A. Schwartz; Robert Smart; George D. Smith; W. R. T. Smith; J. W. Smith; George W. Simpson wounded Gaines Mill. G. W. Sweatman wounded at Sharpsburg ; Wiliam E. Taylor; J. M. Vaughn wounded 2nd Manassas. J. W. Williamson, wounded at Gettysburg; W. P. Wyrick died in Prison Gettysburg; Frank N. Wyrick killed at Spottsylvania. Frank N. Wilson. W. L. Wootlan; J. A. Yongue. There were 118 privates and 15 commissioned and non-commission officers. Of these 16 were killed on the field of battle; 7 died from wounds, 27 died from sickness, 1 drowned, 33 died since the war. 47 were living February 15, 1890. Company F—Captain R. Y. McMeekin; 1st Lieut. Eber A. Rabb appointed Reg. Com, 2nd Lieut. John C. Bell; Lieut. Joel A. Beard was wounded Wilderness. Lieut. H. H. Page 108 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Chappell enlisted Sept. 5, 1861, at Alston, elected 2nd Lieut. Nov. 12, 1861. Died January 12, 1862 at his home in Fairfield County, 8S. C. Lieut. N. M. Cook; Lieut. David L. Glenn wounded at 2nd Manassas. Ord. Sergt. L. H. Chappell promoted from ranks— killed at Gaines’ Mill. Color Sergt. James Cook killed 2nd Manassas; Sergt. Thomas McMeeking, wounded Fraser’s Farm, killed at Spottsylvania. Sergt. W. B. Gibson wounded Cold Harbor; Sergt. L. T. James wounded Gettysburg; Sergt. John H. Sloan killed 2nd Manassas; Sergt. S. C. Burkett wounded at Fraser’s Farm; Sergt. J. Yongue Brice wounded at Gaines’ Mill; Corp. John W. Watt died 1862. Corp. Edward W. Willingham killed Sharpsburg; Corp. William McMeekin died at. Point Lookout June 15, 1865. FAIRFIELD IN THE Wars 141 Corp. C. D. Burley wounded at Chickahominy. Corp. James Golston. Privates M. C. Armstrong; F. B. Austin wounded Manassas; Thomas Anderson transferred to Western Army; E. F. Banks died 2nd Manassas; William Bell, died; Warren Boyd; O. H. Bookman were killed at Ream’s station. T. C. Brown wounded Sharpsburg—died; Daniel Brown died February, 1862. Watt Brice; Scott Brice died at Richmond; I. H. Brice; Joseph K. Cook wonded at Wilderness. L. C. Chappell, Joel Chappell wounded at Gaines’ Mill; died at Gettysburg; Hix Chappell killed at Five Forks; Oscar Chappell; R. H. Curry; Zack Day, wounded Gaines’ Mill died in Richmond; David Scott Douglass wounded Gaines’ Mill died in Richmond; Thomas Douglass M. D. transferred to 6th Regiment, served faithfully in the capacity of surgeon till close of the war; Nathan Dunbar; Robert Elder wounded at Wilderness. L. C. Chappell, Joel Chappell wounded William R. Garrison transferred to 6th Regiment. Jackson Germany wounded Gettysburg; James L. Gladden; William P. Gipson; Thomas F. Harrison; Daniel B. Harrison wounded at Gaines’ Mill; John Harrison, Milton C. Harrison wounded at Fraser’s Farm; James R. Harvey wounded Gettsyburg; M. C. Hawthorn wounded at Gettysburg, Spottsylvania, killed at Petersburg; George S. Hinnant wounded at Spottsylvania and Sharpsburg; James B. Hinnant wounded Gaines’ Mill and 2nd Manassas; Burrell Hudson died in Richmond; W. J. Hamilton wounded at Wilderness. David A. James wounded at Gaines’ Mill; John Keith; R. S. Ketchen; B. F. Lyles; James W. Lyles killed Petersburg; John Matthews killed Spottsylvania; C. K. Montgomery killed Spottsylvania; Jonathan Q. Matthews; J. B. Miller killed at Manassas; S. L. Montgomery died 1863; R. P. Mayo; W. W. Mundle killed Gettysburg; Joseph Martin died Gordonsville; Robert Martin; William Martin wounded at Gaines’ Mill; John A. McCoy; S. L. McDowell died; William McA. McDowell wounded Petersburg; James F. McDowell: James McMeekin wounded at Sharpsburg; Joseph McMeekin ‘wounded at Wilderness; Andrew McMeekin killed 2nd Manassas; Robert McMeekin died Laurel Hill; Joel McMeekin; Archy Park. James W. Paul dead; John Parnell transferred 3rd Bat142 Hisrory or FAtirFIELD COUNTY talion died; George Peak killed at Cold Harbor; Samuel Proctor wounded at Gettysburg. J. H. Rabb; Thomas Robinson; M. Russell died; Gaillard Richardson died at home; C. W. Sloan wounded at Sharpsburg; Harvey Stanton died at Richmond; William J. Stanton; Hugh Strong; E. A. Starnes; C. H. Scruggs; C. Strong; Bayfield Trapp died at Richmond 1864. A. M. Tims; James Tims; John Willingham wounded at Gaines’ Mill; Page 109 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Joseph Willingham; James Wilson died in Richmond 1864; Jesse Wyrick killed at Gaines’ Mill; John P. Wilkes; Thomas Watt; William B. Yarborough. (1 Captain, 6 Lieutenants, 8 Sergeants, 5 Corporals, 99 Privates). WORLD WAR I Official Roster of South Carolina soldiers, sailors and marines in the World War, 1917-1918, from Fairfield County. Compiled under the direction of Governor John G. Richards and Adjutant General James C. Dozier. David E. Aiken, Hiram Shinn Allen, William Ralph Ashford, Jr., George Baker, Gordon Baker, John A. Baker, John M. Bankhead, Walter Barber, George E. Baxter, James Bonner Baxter, Ebbie L. Berley, Andrew Franklin Blair, Ernest P. Blair, John D. Blair, Jr., Lawrence A. Blair, Olin Lawrence Blair, Otis W. Blair, Gus Boler, Charlie B. Bolick, Boyce David Boulware, Boykin Lyles Boulware, David H. Boulware, George William Boulware, John Boulware, Luther M. Boulware, Marcus Butler Boulware, Richard H. Boulware, Jean Bryant Boyd, Henry Ezell Branham, Mannis B. Brannon, Randolph Bratton, Thomas P. Bray, Ernest Ulysses Brice, James H. Brice, Palmer Matthews Brice, Pressley K. Brice, William C. Brice, William O. Brice, Harold C. Brooks, Harold Walker Brown, Clarence Edmund Bruce, David L. Bryson, James L. Bryson, George Tillman Buchanan, Ernest P. Burley, Ernest Ulysses Cameron, Dallas Cary, Henry Hoyt Castles, James Fred Castles, Andrew Melville Cathcart, James R. Cathcart, Richard 8. Cathcart, Samuel L. Cathcart, Joseph Cook Chappell, James R. Clowney, Little S. Clowney, Allen Coleman, Henry A. Coleman, Henry David Coleman, James O. Coleman, John Feaster Coleman, Johnson D. Collins, David A. Crawford, FAIRFIELD IN THE Wars 1438 Edward Mobley Crawford, Ernest B. Crawford, George Washington Crawford, Thomas Pressley Crawford, Willie Douglas Crawford, Willie R. Cromer, William Adger Crooks, Paul Clowney Crosby, Young Crosby, Enoch Everette Crosson, Harold B. Crowson, Lanson B. Crompton, Shirley Pomeroy Daniels, Harry A. Davis, Harry C. Davis, Harry Clarence Davis, Jr., Ralph J. Davis, Simon Davis, John H. Dinkins, Walter Dinkins, Charley M. Douglas, James McCants Douglas, Harold E. Douglass, Heald Alexander Douglass, James G. Douglass, Robert T. Douglass, Randolph Dove, Rufus E. Drew, William M. Dunlap, Charlie F. Dye, James Irvin Dye. Fred T. Edmunds, James S. Edmunds, Jr., William Clarence Edmunds, David Thomas Edrington, John G. Edrington, Henry L. Elhott, Henry M. Elliott, James McKinney Elliott, William A. Elhott, Thomas Robertson Elliott, Howard D. Faison, Trezevant F. Fee, Rufus Flouroy, Charlie Ford, Walter Townsend Freeman, Thomas A. F riday, Joseph S. Gantt, Alex H. Gibert, Jr., Walton G. Gibson, Pierre Gilbert, James Gladden Glenn, William Arthur Glenn, William Thompson Glenn, Jr., James Bryan Goodlett, Clyde W. Gordon, Robert Griffin, Reuben Gilliam Hamilton, John M. Harden, Jr., Timothy Harden, William R. Harden, Marion B. Harvey, Harry A. Haynes, Joseph R. Haynes, Stewart William Heath, Jr., James Garris Heron, Robert A. Heron, Robert A. Heron, William N. Hicks, Fitz L. Page 110 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Hinnant, Milton Burwell Hogan, Lloyd E. Holley, Ernkine Hollis, John T. Hollis, John W. Hood, Willie Huckabee, Willie D. Huckabee, Dalton Jackson, Fletcher Jackson, James Thomas, Jackson, Edward F. Jackson, Paul W. James, Henry T. Jenkins, Robert Jenkins, Gordon Johnson, Turner Bernard Johnston, Berry Jones, John T. Jones, Thomas Maxey Jordon, Ernest Limeward Kelley, James Shaw Ketchin, Robert McIIlwaine Ketchin, Samuel Cathcart Ketchin, George P. Ladd, Isaac L. Langley, George R. Lauderdale, Oscar C. Lemmon, Edgar B. Lewis, J. Davis Lyles, Andrew P. Macfie, James M. Macfie, Francis Elvin Mckin, Lonnie Marion Mann, James Marthers, Joseph G. Martin, Milo B. Martin, Jr., Robert Lawrence Martin, Jr., Daniel Nichols Mattherson, Henry E. Matthews, Charles S. McCants, Lewis A. W. McCants, Charley Clifton McCollum, Thomas K. McDonald, William Burnette McDowell, Douglas M. McEachern, John J. McEachern, Jr., Andrew Calhoun McFall, Hugh Buchanan McMaster, John C. McMaster, Richard H. McMaster, Spencer Rice McMaster, Spencer Ruff McMeekin, John L. McQueen, Gaston Meares, David Miller, Austin Talley Moore, John T. Morgan, Talmage Morgan, John Wesley Nelson, William Woodward Nicholson, Frank Norris, Frank Mood Orr, George E. Outlaw, John A. Outlaw, Felix Singleton Outten, Theordore H. Overbeg, Henry Mitchell Owings, Edward Gendron Palmer, Jr., John Davis Palmer, Norman Hart Palmer, John D. Park, Russell H. Park, Russell W. Park, Young E. Park, James E. Parker, Joe Robert Parker, Willa Parker, Eddie C. Paschal, Melvin J. Paschal, Andrew J. Patrick, Lewis M. Patrick, Paul Patrick, Jesse Lee Peak, Willie Perry, Phil J. Phillips, Harry Kleinbeck Pickett, Hasel Berry Pope, , Augustus B. Rabb, Ernest K. Rabb, William Robertson Rabb, Jr.. Wiliam G. Ragsdale, Ernest E. Reeves, Frank Marion Reeves, Wiliam T. Reeves, George Reynolds, George Henry Rhine, Jr., John T. Richardson, William Dixon Robertson, James Leitner Robinson, William Ashford Robinson, Joseph L. Roseborough, Clude D. Ruff, Daniel W. Ruff, Jr., Marion Rutland, Rafe W. Rutland, Wesley Rutland, Paul M. Scott, Prioleau Richard Scott, William Eugene Sentell, John Glenn Sessions, Robert R. Shedd, Thomas W. Shedd, William Lender Simpson, John M. Sims, Frederick Snowden Skinner, Edward Dunn Sloan, Jr., Benjamin F. Smith, David Otis Smith, Dewey Smith, Gus McC. Smith, James L. Smith, Jesse R. Smith, Leonadas Hood Smith, Sidney C. Smith, Clark D. Starnell, Charles Robert Stevenson, Harvey B. Stewart, Herbert R. Stewart, James T. Stewart, Maxcy H. Stewart, John M. Stonre, William L. Strait, John H. Taylor, Lonnie W. Taylor, Thomas Davis Taylor, Willie J. Taylor, Chalmers D. Tennant, Joe M. Tidwell, Wilham Davis Tidwell, George A. Timms, Claude Wells Traylor, Julian Lee Turkett, Carl A. Turner, Joe Carroll Turner, Robert Young Turner, FAIRFIELD IN THE Wars 145 John B. Walker, John Buchanan Walker, Robert J. Watts, Robert Henry Wilds, Thomas E. Wilkes, Charles S. Williams, Elhott Williams, Quay A. Williford, Arthur F. Page 111 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Wilson, Ellis M. Wilson, John C. Wilson, Jr., William O. Wilson, James William Wolling, Hilliard Gibson Wylie, Hugh Smith Wylie, Richard L. Wilkes, Coleman Young, Ed Young, Joseph Young. Honorable Discharges: Hiram Shinn Allen, August 22, 1919; Joseph Cook Chappell, August 23, 1919; Augustus B. Rabb, December 13, 1918; Ernest K. Rabb, February 20, 1919; Robert K. Shedd, February 15, 1919; Thomas W. Shedd, December 13, 1918; Albert Hayne McMeekin, Inactive duty, July 31. 1919. Page 112 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 CHAPTER XVI MANEUVERS OF GENERAL GREENE’S ARMY IN FAIRFIELD COUNTY IN 1781 Richard H. McMaster* Lord Cornwallis’ occupation of Winnsborough and the movements of his army in adjacent territory are fairly well known, but the operations of General Nathaniel Greene’s army in the same territory are not a matter of general knowledge. It is only of comparatively recent years that the letters passing between General Greene and General Sumter have been brought to light and published. This correspondence shows that after the battle of Hobkirk’s Hill, General Greene passed over the Wateree River at Graves Ford, near the mouth of Sawney’s Creek, and camped first on 25 Mile Creek, and then on the north bank of Swaney’s Creek. Sawney’s Creek flows through the south-eastern part of Fairfield and the western part of Kershaw, into the Wateree River. By May 9, 1781, Greene had moved up into Fairfield County and was in camp on Colonel’s Creek in the Harrison neighborhood. On this date he wrote to “Light Horse Harry” Lee as follows: “We moved our camp night before last, from Twenty-Five Mile Creek to Sandy (Sawney’s) Creek, five miles higher up the River. Lord Rawdon came out yesterday morning, as I expected he would, and I suppose with an expectation of finding us at the old encampment. “TJ did not like our new position to risk an action in, and ordered the troops to take a position at this place, four miles higher up the River, leaving on the ground the horse, the pickets, and the light infantry. The enemy came up in front of our encampment, and drew up in order of battle, but did not dare to attempt to cross the Creek, and after waiting an hour or two, retired suddenly towards Camden.” * Colonel Richard Hugh McMaster, son of Richard Nott and Sarah Agnes Boulware McMaster, was born in Winnsboro, December 11, 1874. He received his academic education at Mt. Zion Academy, his Military education at the South Carolina Military Academy, (the Citadel, Charleston, S. C.) at the National Artillery School Fort Munroe, the Army War College and other Military schools. He commanded Battery “B” 6th U.S. Artillery in the Spanish War and similar commands in the Phillipines and in Mexico. In World War I he commanded the 21st. Regiment of Field Artillery. He is now retired and lives at Alexandria, Va. Maneuvers or GENERAL GREENE’s ARMY 147 At this time General Greene’s fortunes were at a low ebb, and arrangements were in process to retire up the Catawba River toward Charlotte, when late on the evening of May 10th he was informed of Lord Rawdon’s evacuation of Camden. He immediately sent the following letter to Sumter: Page 113 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 “Headquarters Colonel’s Creek, May 10th, 1781, 11 o’clock P. M. Public Service The Honorable Brigadier General Sumter, Sir: General Greene has this moment received information that the enemy has evacuated Camden. They moved out this morning very early, after destroying the mill, the gaol, and all their stores, together with many private houses. What may have induced this unexpected and precipitate movement is uncertain; but the General is of opinion that the same motives which have induced General Rawdon to this step, will also induce the evacuation of all the outposts, which the enemy have at Ninety Six, Augusta, and on the Congaree. The General begs that you will take such measures, if possible, as will prevent Maxwell’s escaping. The Army was to move toward Friday’s Ferry tomorrow morning. It will move that way still, tho perhaps by a different route, and more slowly. It is uncertain which way Lord Rawdon took his route. It was either to Georgetown or Charlestown, but most probably the latter. You will please send an express to the Commanding Officer before Augusta, to let him know of this circumstance, that he may take measures accordingly; as the General is firmly convinced they will, if they can, leave all their outposts. I am Sir, with high respect, Yr. Mo. Obed. Serv. Nathl. Pendleton, Aid de Camp.” Green’s Army then moved down through Richland County toward Port Granby on the Congaree. A. S. Salley’s History states: “The day after the taking of Granby, General Greene proceeded with his main force to Ninety-Six, before which he arrived on the 21st of May, 1781, and immediately began his approaches. The seige was continued until June 18th, when the approach of Lord Rawdon from Charleston, with re-inforcements, compelled him to retreat across the Saluda and Broad Rivers to a point above Winnsboro. The subsequent movements of the two armies are best described in the following letter written by Adjutant General Otho H. Williams to Major Pendleton, Aide-de-Camp to General Greene: Dear Pendleton: After you left us at Ninety-Six, we were obliged to retrograde as far as the Cross Roads above Winnsborough. Lord Rawdon’s return over Saluda induced the General to halt the army, and wait for intelligence respecting his further manoeuvres, and hearing a few days after that his Lordship was on his march to Fort Granby, our army was ordered to march toward that place by way of Winnsborough.” Page 114 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 General Greene, in his retreat, crossed Broad River at Fish Dam Ford on June 25th, and until July 3rd held his army in the region north of Winnsborough. Johnson, in his Life of Greene, States that the General came to Tim’s Ordinary, 11 miles east of Lyle’s Ford, and gave his army two days’ rest “at the Big Spring on Rocky Creek, in the present District of Fairfield.” During this period General Greene wrote two letters to Sumter, as given below, one of them being dated from Cockrell’s, which is the present village of White Oak. Headquarters near Winnsborough, July 3d, 1781. General Sumter, Dear Sir: Your letter of yesterday overtook me on the march for the Congaree. I doubt not many advantages will result from your visiting the upper regiments; but I fear the opportunity for striking the posts at Monck’s Corner, and in the neighborhood, is past. MANeEvvERS oF GENERAL GreEenr’s ARMY 149 Lord Rawdon is moving down toward the Congaree, and it is said, to take the posts at Friday’s Ferry. He has about 1200 men besides the force that I mentioned in my former letter, coming up through Orangeburg, which I suppose has formed a junction with him, as he was at Juniper Springs last Saturday. Colonel Cruger and Major Doyle are left at Ninety-Six with about 1200 or 1400 men. From the present disposition which the army are making, it appears that they intend to hold 96 and re-establish themselves at Augusta and Congaree. It is of the greatest importance that you prevent it if possible. For this purpose I wish to draw all our force together at or near Friday’s Ferry, and oblige the enemy to give up the post, fight us in detachments, or collect their force to a point. If our force is separated we can expect nothing. If it is collected, we can oblige the enemy to keep theirs collected; and that will prevent their establishing their posts again; a matter highly interesting to these states, as I shall inform you when we meet, from the peculiar circumstances of foreign affairs. Having given you a state of matters, I beg you will form a junction with us as soon as possible. I have already directed General Marion to meet us at Friday’s F erry without loss of time. The militia of Salisbury District have orders to march to Camden, and from thence they will join us. General Pickens is on the march to form a junction with us, and I hope it will be affected today or tomorrow. This is an important crisis in the affairs of this country; and I am hazarding everything to give them a favorable turn; and with your immediate aid I am in hopes to affect it. If we could get the enemy from 96 and the Congaree into the lower country, it would be gaining a great point. With esteem and regard, I am Sir, your humble servant, NatH GREENE. Page 115 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Camp at Cockrell, July 3d, 1781. Public Service General Sumter Dear Sir: Since I wrote you this morning, I have got a letter from Colonel Washington, who is at Col. Taylor’s on the Congaree, informing me of the arrival of Lord Rawdon at Friday’s Ferry last night about 11 o’clock. This is what I expected, and not a moment’s time is to be lost in collecting our force at that point; otherwise his Lordship will fix himself so firmly that there will be no possiblity of moving him. Than which nothing can be more injurious to the interest and happiness of this country. Had I the force to authorize an attempt without you, I would not delay a moment; but unfortunately for our cause, I have but a shadow of a force, much less than you imagine. I write you thus plainly, that you may not be deceived by common report. I wish you not to go by way of Camden if it will delay you a single hour. I am, with great esteem, your most obedient, humble servant, NatH GREENE. Johnson further states that upon receipt of information of Rawdon’s movements,—“the American Army was put in motion, and after reaching Winnsborough it was ordered to disembarrass itself of everything that could impede its march, and was left under the command of General Huger, with orders to press on to the Congaree, while Greene, attended by a small escort of Cavalry and an Aide, pushed on to find Colonel Washington.” Page 116 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 CHAPTER XVII REVOLUTIONARY WAR Battle of Dutchman’s Creek In March 1781 “while General Pickens was on his march to South Carolina, a party of the New York Volunteers under the command of Capt. Grey was detached by Lord Rawdon from Camden to disperse a body of militia who were gathering on Dutchman’s Creek, in what is now Fairfield County. This the New York Volunteers succeeded in doing, killing two captains, sixteen privates, and taking eighteen prisoners, without the loss of a man on their part.” “This was one of twenty-three affairs in which the South Carolina volunteer partisan bands had fought the British forces during General Green’s absence, and although this was a victory for the British, it was indeed a glorious struggle which had thus beert maintained by her own people in South Carolina while the Continental Army was absent from the State.” —McCrady’s South Carolina in the Revolution, 1780-1783, p. 126. Page 117 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 CHAPTER XVIII SHERMAN’S ARMY IN FAIRFIELD (R. H. McMaster) “Having utterly ruined Columbia,” says General Sherman in his Memoirs, “the right wing began its march northward toward Winnsboro; on the 20th, which we reached on the 2ist, and found General Slocum with the left wing, who had come by way of Alston.” Sherman’s strategy, after passing Columbia, was to simulate a movement on Charlotte, in order to deceive the Confederates and lead General Beauregard to concentrate his forces at Charlotte, but actually to have the Union Army execute a broad turning movement to the Eastward and direct its march on Fayetteville, N.C. From Fayetteville it would be an easy matter to establish water communication with the Union Garrison at Wilmington. The order for this movement was issued “In the Field, near Columbia, S. C.,” on February 16, and read as follows: “1. General Howard will cross the Saluda and Broad Rivers as near their mouths as possible, occupy Columbia, destroy the public buildings, railroad property, manufacturing and machine shops, but will spare libraries and asylums and private dwellings. He will then move to Winnsboro, destroying en route utterly that section of the railroad. He will cause all bridges, trestles, water-tanks, and depots on the railroad back to the Wateree to be burned, switches broken, and such other destruction as he can find time to accomplish, consistent with the proper celerity. For movements of his army he will select roads that cross the Wateree to the south of Lancaster. 2. General Slocum and Kilpatrick will cross the Saluda River near Mount Zion, and the Broad River below or at Alston and will cause the destruction of the bridge at Alston and the railroad back to Columbia, as far as possible, aiming to be in communication with Winnsborough by the time General Haward reaches that point. They will study to get roads in the direction of Lancaster. The strategy of General Sherman produced the results which he expected. General Beauregard, who was in Chief Command of the scattered detachments of the Confederate Army in the South-east, SHERMAN’S ARMY IN FAIRFIELD 153 dropped back from Columbia toward Charlotte, and was followed by Wheeler and Butler’s Cavalry under the command of Lieut. General Hampton. The remnants of Hood’s army, under Cheatham, Stephen Lee, and Stewart, were drifting across Georgia and upper South Carolina and were also directed on Charlotte. Page 118 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 In the meantime Sherman’s Army executed a grand wheel to the right, pivoting on Muddy Springs (a point about 13 miles North-east of Columbia, not far from the Camden road), and swept through Fairfield County to the crossing of the Wateree (or Catawba River) at Peay’s Ferry and Rocky Mount. The extreme left element of the wheeling army consisted of Kilpatrick’s Cavalry which passed through Western Fairfield and the lower part of Chester County and crossed the Catawba at Rocky Mount. For several days nearly every road in Fairfield County was congested with the movement of these marching columns. They filled the East and West roads as well as those of the North and South; and Fairfield was foraged upon and burned more thoroughly, perhaps, than any other County in the march of the Army north from Savannah. Major General Oliver Otis Howard commanded the Right Wing of the Army, and under his were Major General John A. Logan, with the Fifteenth Corps, and Major Frank P. Blair, Jr., with the Seventeenth Corps. Major General H. W. Slocum commanded the Left Wing of the Army and under him were Major General Jeff C. Davis, with the Fourteenth Corps, and Brigadier General A. S. Wilhams, with the Twentieth Corps. Each Corps consisted of three or four infantry divisions. The Cavalry Division was commanded by Major General Judson Kilpatrick. General Sherman’s headquarters traveled near the center, and with whichever wing of the Army as best suited his plan. The Commanding General of the Fifteenth Corps, John A. Logan, of Illinois, enjoyed the notoriety of being the most destructive of all in carrying out Sherman’s policy of devastation. The axis of advance of Logan’s Corps from Columbia was along the Camden road as far as Roberts, then north via Rice Creek Springs, Round Top, across Twenty Five Mile Creek, and Sawney’s Creek, past Harrison’s Crossroads, and Dutchman’s Creek to Poplar Springs Church, thence by Flint Hill to Peay’s Ferry on the Catawba River. General Oliver Otis Howard traveled this route, on the night of February 20th he was near Rice Creek Springs; on the 21st he was at Dr. Boyd’s house, about, 6 miles east of Winnsboro near the crossroads which leads to Poplar Springs; on the 22nd he was at Peay’s Ferry. General Wood’s Ist Division of Logan’s Corps was diverted on the 21st to Longtown to make a demonstration toward Mickle’s Ferry. Woods reported his headquarters that night as within one mile of the Cross roads at Longtown. One of the minor accomplishments of this detachment was the burning of the Peay Mansion at Longtown. The same night General Hazen, Commanding 2nd Division, Fifteenth Corps, was 400 yards East of the road crossing at Dutchman’s Creek; General John E. Smith, Commanding the 38rd Division had his headquarters at the fork of Harrison’s Crossroads; General Corse, Commanding the 4th Division had his headquarters on the south bank of Dutchman’s Creek. Page 119 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 The axis of advance of Blair’s Corps of the Right Wing was north along the railroad from Columbia to Winnsboro. His rate of march was slow due to his task of destroying completely the railroad. On the afternoon of February 18 he encountered some sight opposition from General Butler’s Cavalry along the line of Willian’s Mill Pond and Creek. General Blair on the 20th was at Level Post Office, and his orders were issued from Doko; on the 21st he was at. Simpson’s Turnout, 6 miles south of Winnsboro; on the 22nd he marched through Winnsboro and then turned east along the Peay’s Ferry road, camping that night at Poplar Springs. The order for this days march, issued at Simpson’s Turnout, is typical; “The march tomorrow will be via Winnsborough to Poplar Springs Post Office. The Third Division, Brigadier General M. F. Force, Commanding, will have the advance, and will move forward at 8:00 A. M. The Fourth Division, Bft. Maj. General G. A. Smith, Commanding, will follow the Third Division, being prepared to move at 9 o’clock. The Third Division, Major General J. A. Mower, Commanding, will follow the Fourth Division, being prepared to move at 10 o’clock. SHERMAN’s ARMY IN FAIRFIELD 155 The train of the First Michigan Engineers and Mechanics will follow the Fourth Division Train. A Brigade from each Division will be detached to destroy the railroad. The First Division will destroy two miles, commencing at the station and working north. The Fourth Division will destroy the next two miles, and the Third Division the next two miles. The work will be done in the same manner as today; that is the rails will be twisted by the First Michigan Engineers” etc., etc. While General Howard with the Right Wing was marching Eastern Fairfield, General Slocum wtih the Left Wing was marching up the West side of Broad River and crossing at Alston and nearby points. On the night of February 19, Slocum wrote to Sherman : —“‘Davis has crossed Broad River, and Williams will cross tomorrow. We have been much delayed by lack of pontoon boats, not having enough to bridge both rivers. Kilpatrick will cross tonight at this point. Tomorrow night the Fourteenth Corps will be at Ebeneser Meeting House, on Little River; the Twentieth will be at about two miles south-east of that point, at the Crossing one mile south-east of Kincaid’s. On Tuesday morning the Corps will, unless otherwise ordered by you, advance to Winnsboro. * * * My headquarters will be with the Twentieth”. On February 19th, Kilpatrick, Commanding the Cavalary, wrote to Sherman,—‘I reached Alston yesterday at 12 m., but could not save the bridge. We are capturing some prisoners and doing very well * * * one of my brigades is crossing the river * * * my entire command will cross in the morning * * * I would give a year’s pay to cross the river tonight at this point.” In spite of the impulse to destroy which came from the top, General Slocum appears to have made a sincere effort to enforce discipline among his troops. Anyhow his troops were much more moderate and humane than these of the Left Wing, which was Commanded by O. O. Howard, known as the Chiristian Soldier. Page 120 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Slocum on February 19 issued the following order: “Measures must be taken to prevent the destruction of forage in advance of the Army. No foraging will be allowed in advance of the troops and any person found in front of the advance guard will be arrested and severely punished. No property will be burned except by the rear guard in obedience to the order of a Corps or Division Commander.” On the night of February 20, the headquarters of General Jeff Davis’ Fourteenth Corps was at Mrs. O’Neil’s house. At 6 a. m. the 2ist, General Carlin led the advance on the main road to Winnsboro; General Baird crossed Kincaid Bridge and followed Carlin; Gen. Morgan marched with the train at 10 a. m. General William’s Twentieth Corps headquarters on the night of February 20th was at the S. Owens farm, and on the morning of the 21st marched on Winnsboro keeping abrest of the Fourteenth Corps. The entry of Slocum’s Army into Winnsboro at 10 a. m. February 21st, is described by Captain Conyngham, the war Correspondent of the New York World: “General Slocum double-quicked the advance of his column into the village of Winnsboro to save the town from the torches of foragers. General Pardee’s brigade of Goary’s division was in advance, and every effort was made to beat the stragglers from the Grand Army into town. They were not successful. The town was pillaged and set on fire before any organized body of troops got in. All officers turned their attention to the fire and arrested the progress of the flames. General Slocum, Williams, Geary, Pardee, Barmum, and all worked with their hands, burned their whiskers, and scorched their clothes, to prevent the repetition of Columbia scenes. Nine or ten buidlings were burned on the main street, before the fires were stopped, also the house of a Mrs. Pope, said to be the property of a man in New York City. Guards were posted at every house in town, and other fires were quenched as they burst out. Unfortunately the church building of the Episcopalian society was destroyed.” General Sherman arrived at Winnsboro on the afternoon of the 2ist. At 6:00 p. m., he wrote to General Howard, who was at Dr. Boyds:—“Generals Slocum and Davis are here. Slocum sends his pontoons and wagons tomorrow straight for the ferry at Rocky Mount P. O. by Gladden’s Grove. He will keep four divisions breaking road up as far as the Chester District line, and aim to cross his whole command the day after tomorrow. Let Blair finish up the road good to this point and then assemble at Poplar Springs and effect a crossing of the Wateree, pre‘pared to get all across the day after tomorrow. Slocum will assemble his command at Gladden’s. Communicate with me there or at Gladden’s.” SHERMAN’s ARMY IN FAIRFIELD 157 That night General William’s headquarters of the 20th Corps was at Beaver Dam Creek, near Benjamin Boulware’s. General Geary’s division furnished the garrison for Winnsboro the same night. On February 22nd the movements of the Fourteenth Corps were directed as follows:— General Carlin from Adger’s to Springwell Postoffice and destroy the railroad from that point back to Youngsville; General Baird to White Oak and destroy the railroad from that point to Youngsville; General Morgan with the trains and reserve artillery to march via White Oak to Wateree Church. In the Twentieth Corps General Geary’s division continued to occupy Winnsboro and destroy the railroad between Winnsboro and White Oak. The other two divisions with the Artillery and trains marched via Wateree Church to Rocky Mount, and started the construction of a pontoon bridge at that point. Page 121 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 On the night of the 22nd General Davis, of the Fourteenth Corps had his headquarters at the Douglass house near Blackstock; Kilpatrick was also at the Douglass house; General Geary was at Wateree Church. All the rest of the forces of the Left Wing were near Rocky Mount, and those of the Right Wing were crossing at Peay’s Ferry. General Howard completed the passage of the Right Wing across the river at Peay’s Ferry on February 23rd. However the passage of the Left Wing at Rocky Mount was not so easy. The famous “Sherman Freshet” was on; the pontoon bridge was swept away and all of the troops did not get across until February 28th. General Sherman’s headquarters until the 24th was at James G. Johnson’s house at Rocky Mount. On that day he moved on to join his advanced troops which were marching on Cheraw. General Kilpatrick remained at Lancaster until the 28th covering the left flank with his cavalry. Confederate During the retirement of the Confedreate forces from Columbia to Charlotte General Beauregard was in supreme command, with Lieut. General Hampton in command of the forces actively delaying the advance of the Federals. Beauregard was at Ridgeway on February 17th and 18th, while Governor Magrath was at Winnsboro. On the 19th Beauregard stopped for luncheon at Winnsboro and then moved on to White Oak where he spent the night. The next day he established his headquarters at Chester and remained there for two days and then moved to Charlotte. On February 22 General Joseph E. Johnson superseded him in command. Page 122 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 CHAPTER XIX HEADS OF FAMILIES, FIRST CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES TAKEN IN THE YEAR 1790 Camden District, Fairfield County The first number after the name is the number in the family, and the second, if any, is the number of slaves. David Andrews, 5—1;; James Andrews, 9; John Andrews, 6; William Austin, 9—5; Owen Andrews, 6; Edward Andrews, i—5; Samuel Alston, 9—7; Amos Arledge, 7; Joseph Arledge, 7; James Andrews, 6—1; Clements Arledge, 9; Samuel Arnat, 8; James Austin, 10; George Ashford, 2; Thomas Amons, 9; Robert Adams, 7; Walter Aiken, 4; James Arnat, 11; James Arthur, 3; William Alsup, 10; Sarah Aiken, 7; William Adam, 4; Richard Adam, 3; John Aperson, 1; Belithe Adair, 8; Frederick Arick, 2; Joseph Ashley, 3; Mary Aitcheson, 6; John Aitheson, 5; Thomas Addison, 8; Christopher Addison, 6; James Alcorn, 5; John Armstrong, 4—1; Moses Ayers, 4; George Ashford, 1; John Abbot, 2; Isaac Arledge, 2—5; Moses Arledge, 1; Paul Anthony, 1; Ancrums, 100 slaves; Solomons Andrews, 10. William Bell, 3; Andrew Boyd, 5; John Bell, 2; William Boyd, 5; James Brown, 11; Patrick Brown, 2; Robert Boyd, 6; Mark Busby, 11; Mrs. Bennit, 1—3; John Bell, Jr., 4—6; John Briant, 3; Patrick Bishop, 5; Muscoe Boulware, 6; James Burks, 4; Fanny Blake, 4; Adam Blair, 9; William Brice, 3; Robert Brady, 2; Robert Bolard, 6; William Baird, 7; James Bowls, 6; John Brice, 4; Jacob Boney, 8; John Brunt, 8; Jesse Brown, 8; Joshua Badger, 7—1; Thomas Brewenton, 4; Mary Brown, 6; Alexander Brunt, 8; Samuel Boyd, 7; Jno. Brown, 2; Mrs. Bennet, 2—3; John Burns, 10; Elizabeth Burk, 5; John Boner, 10; David Boyd, 5; John Burns, 7; John Bishop, 8; John Brown, 5; William Burns, 8; Thomas Burns, 8; Thomas Brady, 3; Samuel Barker, 5; Jacob Barker, 6; Jacob Barker, Jr. 7; Benjamin Barker, 4; Brasil Brashear, 7; Jesse Beam, 5; Albert Beam, 9; George Bell, 5; Peter Betho, 5; William Broom, 9; John Blanton, 9—15; Jacob Brewbaker, 6; Thomas Bradford, 3—2; Margret Beesly, 2; George Beassly, 5; Samuel Beaty, 5; James Butler, 9; Ephraim Butler, 5; Jno. Blake, 2; Archibald Blake, 1; William Ber’y, 3; William Briant, 3; George Brown, 2—3; William Bradly, 7; Jacob Bethany, 8—2; Joseph Bishop, 8—6; Drury Bishop, 10—1; Lewis Boltner, 6—2; John Buchanan, 2—3; Hugh Branon, 7; Sherard Bradley, 3; John Bradley, 1; William Bradley, 1; Dennis Burn, Jr., 5; Jonathan Belton, 4—10; Frederick Bugs, 6—4; Lewis Bradley, 1; Luke Bishop, 1; William Briant, 6; James Bishop, 7; John Bradford, 6; Benjamin Boyd, 9—4; Archelaus Blake, 5; John Briant, 6; William Brazeal, 4; Jno. Blake, 2: Michael Bird, 6; Edward Briant, 1; Wuldrim Boylstone, 2—1; George Boyleston, 2; Dennis Burns, 3; Stephen Brown, 4; Jno. Bradley, 1; William Bradley, 2. Dudley Currey, 10—5; George Coon, 4; James Cameron, 4—1; Simon Cameron, 6; James Cameron, 3; Mary Campbell, 3; Jane Cardin, 6; James Craig, 7—7; Jane Cameron, 3; Jacob Currey, 7—5; Peter Curry, 6-2; William Craig, 7; John Chappell, 1; Thomas Cameron, Jr., 2; Thomas Cameron, Sr., 6; James Cameron, Burrill Cook, 3; John Cook, 12—83; David Cambell, 4; Stafford Curry, 11; Joseph Cathcart, 9; William Colvill, 7; Joseph Cameron, 4; Labon Cason, 1; Canon Cason, 5; John Caldwell, 5; Thomas Caldwell, 2; Moses Cockrell, 9; Samuel Colwell, 4—1; Moses Cockral, 6; Jeremiah Cockral, 3; Jane Clayton, 4; Peter Cooper, 4; Robert Coleman, 2; Thomas Coleman, 6; Francis Con, 7; Thomas Cockral, 4; George Cannamore, 7; Robert Coleman, Sr., 10—11; Page 123 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 William Chapman, 9; William Coleman, 10; David Coleman, 4; John Cameron, 4; John Cork, 10; Andrew Cameron, 5; Emily Colaman, 6; Samuel Curry, 6; Wiliam Cason, 7; William Cato, 6; Jonn Carter, 6; Daniel Cockran, 7-1; Catherine Craig, 7; Peter Crim, 8—4; Joseph Cloud, 6; Adam Cooper, 7; Edward Carrell, 3; Edward Calvert, 5; John Compte, 5—22; John Craig, 7; Peter Calvit, 8; John Calvit, 4; John Crosslin, 5; Daniel Crabb, 6; Samuel Crosslin, 4; Widow Cole, 6; William Cloud, 5—2; Joseph Cloud, 6; John Clayton, 1—12; Peter Crim, 8—4; Whitis Cason, 3—4; Widow Charleston, 5—6; Isaac Campbell, 4; Henry Crumpton, 6. John Dabney, 5; William Daniel, 14—15; James Daniel, 3—42; James Dodds, 4; John Dodds, 6; Jesse Dunn, 5; John Dunlap, 38—1; Joseph Dodds, 2; Thomas Dodds, 2; Joseph Davidson, 2; Robert Duncan, 2; Sarah Dunklin, 5; John Dickey, 9; Samuel Dodds, 1; James Dillard, 9; Edmond Dillard, 2; David Doughty, 6; John Dye, 8; Edward Day, 7—2; Hinson Day, 6; Bollard Day, 1; Benjamin Dove, 5; Benjamin Dove, Jr., 9; Leander Duggins, 3; William Dunn, 10; John Dortch, 5; Chirtopher Day, 3; Jonathan Dungan, 7; Prudence Durphy, 8—11; Charnell Heaps or Famities, 1790 161 Derham, 7—2; William Dent, 4; Richard Duggans, 10; Joel Dunn, 9; Celia Dilashmate, 6; Moses Duke, 7—3; David Dunn, 7; Thomas Duke, 9—1; Robert Duke, 4; Samuel Duke, 11; William Dortch, 8—7; Hinson Day, 6—1; Mrs. Dansbie, 6—1; Edmund Davies, 4; George Durand, 5; Levi Davies, 2; James Dickason, 7; John Dozier, 5; John Dugins, 1; William Duggins, 3; Richard Dawkins, 9; Jesse Dawkins, 1; Adam Davies, 3; Thomas Dawkins, 6—1; Joshia Derham, 7--3; James Davies, i—6; Matthew Day, S. James Elliott, 2; John Ellison, 6—9; John Elhot, 7; Robert Ellison, 9; David Evans, 6—4; John Elliot, 7; John Elhot, Jr., 5; Robert Ewing, 4; William Ewing, 8; John Elders, 5; Christopher Ederington, 10—2; James Ederington, 7—5; Adam Ephart, 5; R. Davis Evans, 1—2; Robert Ellison, 9—15; John Elkin, 7 John Elliott, 10; Johnson Elkin, S. Jesse Fort, 5—2; John Folley, 5; John Flowers, 6; John Friday, 7; Andrew Frazier, 3; Thomas Fletcher, 5; Rebecca Freeman, 8; William Frazire, 7; Timothy Foy, 2—1; George Foy, 3d—4; Hezekiah Ford, 4—8; Gardner Ford, 6—5; Matthias Fellows, 2—2; Elizabeth Frazier, 3; Mary Frazier, 8; Harriss Freeman, (—3; William Fairie, 5; Henry Fundenburg, 3—4; Andrew Feester, 8; Joseph Frost, 4; Field Farrar, 8—15; John Findley, 6—1; Jesse Fulgim, 2; John Findlay, 3—1; Adam Free, 10—3. William Gibson, 6; Jacob Gradick, 8; Jacob Gradick, Jr. 4; Jacob Gibson, 10—2; Daniel Gowen, 6; Alexander Gowen, 9; Henry Gowen, 5; William Gladden, 7; Gervais Gibson, 6; John Goodrum, 5; John Gladden, 7; Jesse Gladden, 8—3; Allen Goodrum, 5; Thomas Goodrum, 8; Isaac Gibson, 9; Jacob Gibson, 2; Seth Garrett, 2; Henry Graig, 4; Lewis Grant, 4; Isaac Graham, 8; John Grigg, 9—4; Jesse Ginn, 4; John Goin, 5; Sarah Garrett, 3; Jesse Goin, 4; Wilson Gibson, 5; William Gray, 8; Thomas Gladney, 7; Richard Gladney, 10—3; Randle Gibson, 5; James Gamble, 5; Samuel Gladney, 7—2; Patrick Gladney, 4; Samuel Gamble, 4; Hugh Gamble, 5; John Gatewood, 5; Joseph Gibson, 5; Abraham Gibson, 10; James Graves, 5—2; William Graham, 8; William Graves, 1— John Gliot, 9; Hugh Garmany, 2; Philip Goates, 14; Jacob Gibson, 12; Rebekah Grigg, 3; Margrit Godfrey, 5; John Gwin, 7; Enoch Grubs, 9; John Grissum, ¢; Aaron Gose, 7; Thomas Gwyn, 3; John Gregg, 11; Andrew Grey, 6—2; John Gray, 5—5; Robert Gray, 3; James Gray, 4—2; Stephen Glandon, 10; Thomas Green, 4; Alexander Gordon, 4—8: Daniel Goin, 6—2; Samuel Gregory, 4; Stephen Gibson, 5—8. Benoni Holley, 4; Jesse Havis, 5; William Hill, 1; John Hamiter, 5; Henry Hunter, 9-—20; James Hollis, 9; William Hollis, 6; Moses Hollis, 8—4; Elijah Hollis, 5; Page 124 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Moses Hornsbie, 3; John Hall, 8; Joseph Hellims, 9; Margret Hellims, 7; Richard Hill, 4; Thomas Hughs, 2; Barlet Henson, 8; Robert Henson, 2; Mrs. Hill, 8; Obadiah Henson, 9—3; John Hollis, 6; James Heaning, 7; Michael Heaning, 5; David Hamilton, 7; Matthews Hays, 6; John Henry, 12; John Havis, 8; George Hassan, 10—1; Victor Harriss, 9; Henry Hartle, 7; James Hawthorn, 10; Aaron Hughs, 5; Rachel Hancock, 2— 6; Hezekiah Hunt, 6; James Hannah, 13; Daniel O. Harkins, 7—5; James Hoy, 9; Quintin Hoy, 2; Benjamin Hodge, 8; Hy Haigwood, 9; William Haigwood, 3; Church Hughs, 10; Goodman Hughs, 8; Wilham Hughs, 8; Reuben Harrison, 6—11; William Harrison, 4—7; William Holley, 7—1; John Harbirt, 5; Robt. Hood, 3; Christopher Hoofman, 11; John Huston, 9; William Hopkins, 3; Willam Harbin, 9; Jesse Herbin, 9; Phillip Hoppough, 11; Richard Hopkins, 7; Zachariah Hall, 2; William Hill, 9; John Hill, 5—1; Richard Hill, 5; Asaph Hull, 1; James Heart, 6—14; Thomas Handley, 8; Elisha Haigwood, 10—1; James Hogan, 7—1; Wilham Hogan, 7; James Hendricks, 6; Thomas Hendricks, 7; James Harriss, 6; William Hendricks, 9; Thomas Hill, 11—2; Lewis Haigwood, 10; Fredrick Heart, 6; Daniel Huffman, 7; George Holsey, 11; Burr Harrison, 5—9; Thomas Hill, 2; William Hughs, 11; Thomas Hodge, 7; Benjamin Harrison, 4-19; Benoni Honeys 2-1; Thomas Hall, g—5: George Howton, 6; Thomas Hinds, 4; James Howard, 9; James Hunt, 6; James Hardage, 3—7; John Ham, 7; Thomas Hall, 1; Mary Henson, 6; Richard Hansel, 4-1; Isaac Hussay, 9; John Hornsbie, 7 John Adam Irick, 7—6; Burril Ivery, 1; Henry Ivery, 6; John Ivey, 1; John Ivey, 1; Susanah Ivey, 4; Jacob Ingleman, 3. Patience Jones, 4; William Jobnston, 7; Charles Johnston, 8; John Jenkins, 4; Benjamin Jones, 9; Thomas Johnson, 7; Judith Johnson, 3; Ralph Jones, 8—10; David James, 5; Enoch James, 2—1; Reuben Johnson, 4; James Jones, 5—1; David James, 6; David James, Sr.; James Johnson, 6—1; William Joiner, 4; William Jackson, 3; John Jennings, 8; Abraham Jones, 3; John Heaps or Famiims, 1790 163 Johnson, 6; William Johnson, 4; Samuel Johnson, 38—1; Darling Jones, 5—6; David Jones, 9; Vincent Jones, 5; Elias J ones, 6; Robt. Jennings, 5. William Kennedy, 7; Samuel Kirkland, 2; William Kirkland, 7; Thomas Knighton, 8; Isaac Knighton, 7; James King, 3; John King, 9—21; Moses Knighton, 8; John Kelly, 10; William Kirkland, 5—10; Zachariah Kirkland, 5—6; William Kirkland, «—10; Robt. Killpatrick, 12; Conrad Koon, 7; Alexander Kennedy, 15—5; Francis Kirkland, 10; James Kincaid, 9—2; Robt. Kearnaghan, 3; Alexander Kincaid, 4; William Karnaghan, 2; Chas. Kitchens, 1—2; Sarah Kelly, 5; Eli Kitchens, 11—3; Josiah Knighton, 4—1. George Lewcy, 7; Burril Lee, 6; Marcellus Littlejohn, 4-2; William Leavin, 4; George Leitner, 10; George Lott, 9; Francis Layton, 9; William Lewis, 10—8; James Lucas, 2; Charles Lewis, 7—8; Elis. Lewis, 3; John Long, Sr., 3; James Long, 7; John Long, Jr., 10; David Long, 11; John Listner, 13; Josiah Landrum, 6; William Lavender, 6; William Lowry, 4; Benjamin Lindsay, 6; Araminas Liles, 11; John Lashly, 7; Jonothan Laulin, 4; Maddern Legoe, 9—1; Isam Lee, 7; Putter Lemly, 7; William Liles, 5; Conrad Lowrie, 5; James Lamar, 5; Thomas Liles, 6; Isaac Landsdale, 5; Edward Lovejoy, 11; Thomas Lewers, 4; Isaac Low, 4; Robt. Lindsay, 5; Jacob Lewis, 9—5; Mary Lane, 6—5; Aramenas Liles, 8—10; Isaac Love, 6—22; Edward Lowrie, 7; Gideon Lowry, 4; Job Lorry, 8; John Leech, 4; John Long, Sr., 10; John Long, Jr.; James Laughon, 2—3; James Lewis, 10—2; John Lucas, 3; Andrew Lord, Estate, 120. James Mann, 8; James Morris, 4; Edward Martin, 5—1; Edward McGraw, 10; David McGraw, Jr., 7—2; Robt. McCants, 5; Robt. McCreight, 8; Robt. Martin, 5—3; David Page 125 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Martin, 2; Hugh Milling, 7—5; James McMulland, 6; John Major, 4; Jean Milling, S—8; David McCreight, 10; Alexander McDowell, 5—1; Nathaniel Major, 2; Thomas McMullan, 3—5; Huston McQuarters, 3; Alexander McQuarters, 5; Andrew MclIntier, 3; Archibald McNeel, 7; Henry McNeel, 3; James McMeekan, 4; David McGomery, 2; John Martin 9; Widow Murph, 6; Andrew Moreton, 5; James Martin, 1; Andrew McDowell, 6—3; William Moberly, Sr., 10; Joseph McDurman, 4; Levy Moberly, 4; Ambroze Manning, 10; Samuel Miles, 7; Hardy Miles, 6; Thomas Meek, 5; Robt. McBride, 4; Henry McCoy, 12; Francis Martin, 7; William Martin, 3; Leonard Mills, 5; Gracey Murphy, 5—4; Robt. Mansell, 7—2; Edward Moberly, Jr., 8—6; William McMorries, Jr., 4-2; James May, 5— 6; Thomas H. McCaule, 9—4; William Moon, 9; James McCreight, 6—3; Samuel McKinnie, 4—5; Robt. McGill, 3; Francis Miles, 7; Thomas Miles, 11; Quintin McCreight, 5; James McCreight, 5; John McCance, 11; John Means, 6—8; Hugh McDaniel, 83—2; Mrs. Millar, 5—3; Thomas Muse, 8—9; John Mattocks, 8; George Morgan, 6; James Marr, 6; John Mickle, 8—8; Widow Muse, 4-6; John McKinnie, 6—9; John McDaniel, 1; Edward Maynard, 6; Thomas Meredith, 7—1; John Millar, 4—1; John McFaddin, 1; Daniel McDaniel, 1; Henry Martin, 1; John Moore, 1; Mary Martin, 7; Hugh Mt. Gomery, 8; Chas. Mt. Gomery, 9—2; Frizle McTyre, 7—5; John McCaimy, 8; William McClintock, 6; Sarah Matthews, 8; Mrs. Moore, 5; John McGraw, 2; Jacob McGraw, 4; Robt. Martin, 6; Robt. Mulholland, 8; Samuel McKinnie, 6—4; Joseph Mickle, 6—2; Widow Mickle, 5—7; William McDaniel, 6—1; William McFaddin, 7; Chas. McDaniel, 4; William Millar, 6; Matthew McCreight, 7; Henry Moore, 3—5; Katherine McKain, 4; Alexander McKain, 3; John McClurkin, 7; Mary McMillan, 4; Abraham Miller, 4; Daniel Maybry, 4; Mary Maybry, 4—10; Robt. Moore, 9; William Motte, 10; Elijah Majors, 10; Edward Moberly, 7; William Malone, 7; Thomas Malone, 10—1; Thomas Meadows, 7; Samuel Mayfield, 6; Joseph McDaniel, 5—4; Colin Moberly, 5; John McDaniel, 4; Micaijah Moberly, 5; Edward Meadows, 2; William Moberly, 6; James McCollum, 8; Thomas Moberly, 7; Jacob Morst, 5; William Moberly, 6—1; James McMurray, 6; Samuel Moberly, 11; Job. Meadows, 7; Thomas Means, 4—4; James Millar, 7; Heartwell Macon, 10; Henry Macon, 9; Daniel McCoy, 2; William McMorries, Sr., 6; William Martin, 1; John Morriss, 1; Christopher Morgan, 6; William Morgan, 5; Robt. Mansell, 5; Robt. Martin, 5; Thomas Marple, 3—138; Benjamin McGraw, 7; Joseph Mooty, 7; Benjamin McKinney, 4; Benjamin Majors, 5. Shad Nolland, 7; Steven Nolland, 7; Jacob Neat, 10; Ann Neel, 5; James Neelie, 1; Victor Neely, 5; Richard Neelie, 11; John Neel, 4; Samuel Nisbett, 5; Zachariah Nettles, 8; Teague Nelson, 1; Thomas Nelson, 9; William Nelson, 7—1; Edward Nix, 9; William Nevit, 6—1; James Neilson, 12—4; William Noland, 6; Henry Nelson, 11; Susanah Noland, 5; James Noland, 3; Thomas Nelson, 2; Doras Neese, 6; William Miles Nevit, 5—1. Heaps or Famiriges, 1790 165 Joseph Owens, 5; John Owens, 1; James Owens, 8; Benjamin Owens, 8; Smallwood Owens, 11; Jesse O’Brient, 5; Ben}. Owens, 4—5; William Owens, 9; Edmund O’Neal, 6; John Oister, 2. Lewis Powell, 3; Thorp Parrot, 7; Peter Patterson, 4; Cabel Powell, 6; Edward Pigg, 18; Chas. Pigg, 1; Micaijah Pickett, 10—10; Chas. Pickett, 7; James Paul, 2—3; John Porter, 3; John Pair, 6; James Parks, 7; Robt. Phillips, Jr., 8; Jean Phillips, 3; Archibald Paul, 5; James Pierson, 6; James Perry, 6; Reuben Patterson, 7; James Porter, 5; George Peay, 7—5; Austin Peay, 1; Samuel Procter, 2—3; Thomas Parrot, 5— 1; Thomas Parrot, Sr.; 3—2; Henry Peaige, 6; James Phillips, 8; Chas. Pritchard, 3; Page 126 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Mary Pearson, 5—4; David Patton, 5; Walter Pool, 6; William Parks, 3; Philemon Parton, 8; Benjamin Partin, 4; John Parks, 7; William Parnel, 15; John Parker, 7; Thomas Porter, 3; Jeremiah Peirson, 2; Samuel Perry, 8—2; Lewis Perry, 6; Jesse Perry, 9; William Pettypool, 1; Henry Pettypool, 6—1; Zachariah Payne, S—1; Archibald Payne, 1—1; Widow Perkins, 3: Ephraim Pettypool, 4—2; William Powell, 5; Nicholas Peay, 4—5. Joseph Quarrell, 5. Bryant Reily, 8; Philip Reily, 7; John Robertson, 9; Robt. Rabb, 10—12; Robt. Richardson, 3; Richard Roberts, 4; Thomas Robinson, 5; Jeremiah Roadin, 5; Leonard Roadin, 4; William Robinson, 5; Mary Robinson, 4; Robt. Reed, 9; William Reed, 6; Alexander Rosborough, 7; John Robinson, 7; James Russell, Jr., 7; James Russell, Sr., 6; Henry Rugely, 5—10; John Robertson, 8—1; Thomas Richardson, 3; William Richardson, 8; William Russell, 3; Robt. Robertson, 7; Samuel Richardson, 5—2; Alexander Robertson, 8; Alexander Robertson, Jr., 8; John Ray, 3; John Richman, (— 2; Henry Robertson, 8; Valentine Rachel, 1; John Rogers, 5; Nicholas Roberts, 9; William Robertson, 8—2; Philip Rayford, 9—11; William Roach, 12—6; Jesse Rawls, 2; Luke Rawls, 4; James Rutland, 8; Henry Robertson, 7—2; William Robertson, 8—2; John Robertson, 4; James Rabb, 10; James Rogers, 6—1; Henry Rogers, 11; John Richardson, 7; James Randolph, 5; William Randolph, 5; Alexander Robertson, 7—2; George Rachel, 1—1; Aaron Roberts, 8; William Rogers, 1; Richard Robert, 4; George Rudd, 8; Jane Robertson, 5; William Rabb, 10—5; Joseph Rabb, I—1; Nicholas Ringer, 3; Hugh Reynolds, 8; Widow Ratcliff, 4—1, Peter Starns, 4; Thomson Shedd, 2; Mrs. Strother, 5—5; Philip Shaver, 4—5; Charles Spence, 1; Jacob Smith, 7; William Smith, 11; Stephen Splan, 5; Nathan Sanders, 5; Robt. Shirley, 4: John Splon, 8; John Sanders, 3; John Sloan, 4; Thomas Sant, 7; John Stinson, 3; James Smith, 5; David Shelton, 7; Samuel Simonds, 8; Joseph Stanton, 9; William Smithwick, 8; Matthew Smith, 4; Jno. Sutton, 8—3; James Scott, 8—2; Thomas Seal, 5—1; Turner Starks, 2—10; Thomas Starks, 6—9; Thomas Smith, 11; Benjamin Scott, 1; John Shain, 5; Andrew Spradley, 5; Jos. Sims, 13; John Stag, 3; John Sanders, 6; Reuben Stark, 4—5; Hermon Smith, 4; Charles Smith, 7; Nathan Sanders, 6—1; Henry Sanders, 8; Thomas Stone, 11; John Stone, 1; James Stone, 1; Barlet Smith, 5; Hugh Smith, 5—1; John Stedman, 6; Thomas Stokes, 7; Benjamin Shrub, 4; Elisabeth Stone, 5; Hampton Smith, 6; Jesse Smith, 5; Abner Smith, 4—1; Patrick Smith, Sr., 2; Patrick Smith, Jr., 4; Thomas Smith, 9; James Steel, 3; George Shedd, 5; John Siberly, 5; John Smith, 8; Edward Simmonds, 3; William Summersall, 7; Stephen Smith, 12; James Smith, 4; Elisabeth Smith, 3; William Scott, 7; Thomas Shannon, 5; Chas. Seal, 5; Benjamin Sims, 5—5; Elijah Seal, 1; Edward Sims. 8; Anthony Seal, 7—1; Randolph Simonds, 5—1; Jesse Simonds, 4; John Swett, 6; Jno. Stewart, 7; Jno. Sims, 6—4; Jno. Swillaw, 6—1; Alexander Stuart, 6— 1; Moses Smith, 2. Richard Thompson, 2; Jacob Turnapseed, 5—1; Bat. Turnapseed, 6—3; William Tidwell, 8; Edmond Tidwell, 11; Jno. Tidwell, 11; Elh Tidwell, 7; William Tidwell, 3; Robt. Tidwell, 13; Perry Tidwell, 2; Simon Tucker, 2; David ‘Thompson, 6; David Thompson, 2; Elisabeth Thompson, 2; William Thompson, 5; Jno. Turner, 11—10; Jno. Turner, Jr., 4; James Turner, 8—5; Amey Terry, 1; Susanna Thomas, 7—6; Jno. Trap, 4—-1; William Trapp, 12; Nathan Thompson, 3; Champ Taylor, 3; Jeremiah Taylor, 2; Richard Taylor, 7; Rachel Tidwell, 5—3; Robt. Taylor, 5; Jno. Taylor, 4—8; Widow Turner, 5— 1; Thomas Thomson, 6; Anderson Thomas, 13—2; Robt. Tidwell, Jr., 9—1. No, U. Page 127 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Ezekiah Verce, 4; Thomas Vaughn, 8—2. William Willingham, 3; Robt. Walker, 6; Jno. Walker, 7; Mrs. Elsabeth Woodward, 6— 11; Jesse White, 7; Robt. Walker, Sr., 6; Jno. Whitehead, 2; Joshua Williams, 7; Jno. Watts, 10; Thomas Watts, 2; Richard Winn, 10—30; Samuel Welldon, 10; Thomas Whitehouse, 2—7; Hermon Wyret, 3; William Wilson, 7; Minor Winn, 3—9; James Winn, 2 —3; Jno. Winn, 2—3; Jno. Winn, Sr., 8——22; Jesse Wallace, 8; Jno. Watson, 3; Michael Heaps or Famiuigs, 1790 167 Wolf, 9; Elisabeth Wilson, 4; Samuel Waugh, 4; Elisabeth Watson, 5; Jno. Watson, 2; Lucy Watson, 2; Boland Wright, 3; Richard Wooley, 10; Jno. Wilkerson, 6; Robt. Wilkerson, 7; Jesse T. Wallis, 4; William Woodward, 6—7; Jno. Woodward, 6—15; Richard Woodward, 12; William Wright, 5; Jno. Winn, 7; Theophilus Wilson, 7; Aaron Wootan, 7; Moses Wootan, 7; George Watts, 18; William Willingham, 3—3; Jno. Willingham, 4—2; William Wells, 4; George Wayne, 5; Jno. Ward, 7; Jno. Williams, 3; Robt. Ward, 3; Thomas Willingham, 7; Daniel Wooten, 3—2; Samuel Waugh, 6—1; Thomas Williams, 4; Jno. Williams, 3; Thompson Whitehouse, 2; Morriss Weaver, 6—1; Jno. Woodward, 6; Burbage Woodward, 2; Edward Watts, Sr. 9; Robt. Wilson, 2; James Workman, 5; Jno. Walker, 1; Jesse Wilson, 9; James Wilson, 6—2; Jno. Wooten, 5—2; Joel Wilson, 4; Jno. Wilson, 10—8; James Wilson, 3; Samuel Wells, 5; Willoughby, Winchister, 10; Joseph Wells, 5; Roland Williamson, 5—30; Lemual Williamson, 4; Chas. Williamson, 6; Sterling Williamson, 2; Aba gail Williamson, 3. William Yarbrough, 5; Andrew Young, 8—4; Mary Young, 5; Samuel Young, 5—1; Richard Yarbrough, 8; Owen Yarboro, 5; Hugh Young, 4—4; William Yarbro, 4; Thomas G. Yarbro, 1; John Yarbrough, 7. Page 128 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 CHAPTER XX LOCAL CENSUS 1829 In the office of the Secretary of the Historical Commission a “home-made” book on handwriting has the following: “This is a correct census of all the free white inhabitants, residing in Fairfield District, according to names inserted in this book, and number to each name annexed, for the year 1829; Taken by Abner Fant. Total number of inhabitants 9470.” On a separate sheet there is an affidavit by Fant that it is correct, impartial and complete, sworn to before James Elhott, ‘Justice of the quorum.” The numbers annexed to each name are the free white persons in the household. Many of the householders must have had many relatives or other white people in the house-hold. The records of this census are in an odd way. The names were indexed according to the first letter of the first name, Le. Aaron, Benjamin, Charles, etc., Following the names frequently are letters whose meaning is uncertain, the guess is that B. C. means Beaver Creek, C. C., Cedar Creek, L. M. Lees mill. It has taken a great deal of labor to copy the names and index them according to the sirname. Spellings have changed, and mis-spellings occur, and other evidence, frequently, is necessary to verify. Frequently two names are the same, with no means of identification. Page 1—Census 1829, Fairfield County: Page 129 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Alexander B. Allen... 1 Anna Adams 1 Bennett Ashford___.-...- 5 Catharine Aldridge_._.___._ 12 David Aiken 14 Hiram Adkins 5 Hugh Aiken 5 Hulda Aldridge... _ 1 James Aiken 2 James Andrews................-..- 9, John Adkins 7 James Ashford .... 9 John Aiken 9 John Allen 8 James Alston Jeptha Aldridge John Anderson James Aiken John Aiken, Sr... Luke Ates Robert Aiken Mark Atkinson ¢ Rebecca Averet____._.._Robert Armstrong.__.......-_ Saml. Alston Saml. Aldridge... _ Widow Anderson__.______.. William Ashford Loca, Census, 1829 William P. Adams William Aiken William Aiken William Aiken, Jr... George Arnet Isaac Aldrige James M. Arnete_._ James Aldrige James Arnete James Adger John Aiken, Sr... Sarah Archer... William Ashley William Ashford, Sr... Thomas Augustine... Alfred Bradshaw Asoph Bell Alpha Bell, Archibald Beard__........._ Andrew Bryerly_...... Albert Beam Andrew Blaine Alban Bowles Andrew Boyd Adam Blair Adam Bell Bernard Buchanan... Charles Broom Cabel I. Brown Charles Bradford. _..._.__ Charles G. Boyd__... Coleman Browler........_.... Caleb Boulware... Darvel Brown David Blair David Boyd Dicey Brasil Elisabeth Bird Elisabeth Boyd... Frederick Baity...______ Godfrey Bemer___.______ Page 130 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 yo “1 CO He oO Page 131 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 169 Henry Bowling... 3 Hugh Boyd 9 Hugh Barclay... 9 Henson Barker... 7 James Bones 4 Judith Barker... 6 John Beard 9 James Barclay... 13 James Beard 7 John Broom, Sr... 4 John Bonner 8 John Barber, Jr... _ 8 John Bonner, Jr... 2 James Beard, Jr... _ 4 Josiah Blizzard James Bonner__..... 7 James M. Bell 2 James Bleneford._... 9 John Byerly 8 James Bryce, Sr... _ 9 James Brown 3 John Banks 7 Jacob Beasley... _ 7 James Blaine 3 John Beam 8 5 3 4 0 6 1 1 8 1 5 4 6 4 9 1 1 ee res eee John Brown John Brown, Jr... Jacob Bookman John Barker 1 John Boyd, M.C.._________.. John Bel! James Barnette... _ James Brown John K. Burge Lucas A. Broom... _ Lee Bagley Labon Brock Matthew Broom__._____Muscoe Boulware._.____ Martha Britnal Margaret Boyle...___. Page 132 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Page 133 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 170 Page 134 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Merchal Boyer-.....________. 8 Nathaniel C. Barler_....__.. 2 Nancy Bird 2 Nancy Boulware_—__..-.... 1 Nicholas Black 7 Niel Brannon 6 Nathaniel Barnette... 11 Peter Byerly 8 Robert Boyd 8 Robert Blakely... 4 Robert G. Bagley__._..- 5 Robert I. Bell 6 Robert Bankhead__...__._.. 5 Robert Bryce 10 Robert Bryson 7 Richard Brasil 6 Richard Barnette_....._.... 8 Rightman Bagley, Sr..._...... 4 Rightman Bagley, Jr.......... 3 Robert B. Barbour... 5 Robert Bagley__.__-_-........-.. 3 Samuel Brown 7 Samuel Barclay_..._......... 8 Samuel Bonner, Jr.__-.----.----- 4 Samuel Brannon... 9 Samuel Baldwin_..... 3 Samuel Bonner, Sr... 6 Samuel Barker... 8 Samuel Banks 8 Samuel Boyd 4 Spencer Bradford... ~ § Sarah Boyd 6 Saul Beam 2 Thomas Bell 8 Tyre Bell 3 Thomas Bowman 11 Thomas Blair 4 Widow Buchanon___......_. 4 Widow Baker... _ 5 Widow Bell 2 William Brown 6 Willis Beckham Widow Beard William Barker William Bell Widow Boyd William Bonner Widow Brasel William Boyles, Jr._-.--.-...--William Bonner, Jr._-._---_---_William Boils, Sr. William Brasel Widow Jennet Brown.......... William Bell, Jr. William Brown William Bryce, Sr._.-------.--.-- William Barrott William Bratton William Bird Widow Jane Brown... _ William Burge William Broom W. Nancy Baily. William Brearly Zachariah Bishop_-_..____.. A. H. Chambers... _ Andrew Crawford.........._.. Anderson Connaway........... John Curlee Alexander Caldwell___.___. Alexander Caldwell, Jr._... Austin N. Cloud__._-.... _ Alexander Cameron_____.___Alexander Calhoun____.... Adam Coopper Burrell B. Cook._______. _ Benjamin Carnaham...._.. Benjamin Corder_.......... Burr Cockrel Brittain Chapman___...._.. Berryman Chapman _._....... Benjamin Cockrel___....._.. Page 135 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 mT OW DAITIAT AWN FP HM POP ATOWO HD WDWNWHNW WMNW OW HF OO WW MH CO Loca, Census, 1829 Page 136 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Caleb Clark Charles Coleman Cannon Cason Charles Coleman, Sr...._....... Churchrold Carter... Christain Cites David R. Coleman David Cockrel Daniel Creamer...................... George Coleman Francis M. Childer__...._ George Cooper____..-. Henry Croslin Hugh Carr Henry A. Coleman Hiram Coleman Henry I. Coleman Henry Castles John Cathcart James Cathcart... John Carsile James Carlisle, Sr... James Carlisle, Jr... James Cork... James Craigg James Croslin John Croslin John Chappel James Cason John Cockrel Jeremiah Cockrel......... __ Jerima Cockrel James Clanton Joseph Cloud John Cork John Castles James Chism John Carter John Campbell James Crane Page 137 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 ht WO®AITI PrP on KB FP De oe WD TO = Page 138 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 171 Joseph R. Coleman 5 Joseph Cammeron__.._.___... 8 John Crotchette._..... ss John M. Coleman q James D. Craig, Sr... 4 James D, Craig, Jr... _ 4 James Clark 9 James Crowder............._ 4 James Crawford___.._. _ ss 4 John Castles, Sr... James Cork 3 Joseph Cammorron._.___._. 6 John Colvin 9 John Coleman 8 Laban Choppel, Jr... 2 Littleton Crankfield_.....____. 7 Moses Cammock._._.._..._. 8 Moses Camron 2 Moses Cockrel 8 Patrick Cunningham___.... — 4 Peter P. Carson_......._-____- 5 P. W. Cato 10 Quenton Craig. 7 Robert Cathcart._..........--..- 5 Robert Coleman 6 Robert Cato 4 Robert Craig... 6 Robert R. Coleman... _. 4 Robert Crowder................--- _ 6 Robert Collins 1 Robert W. Craig... 9 Robert Chapman 6 Robert C. Cammerron...._.. 5 Robert Caldwell... 9 Simon Cockrel 5 Samuel Cork 8 Stephen F. Cato_....-__. 11 Solomon Coleman 7 Sarah Crumpton... 6 Sarah Chapman 3 Page 139 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Page 140 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 172 Samuel Curry, W.C....... 7 Samuel Curry B._......._.--..-- 7 Thomas J. Cook 6 Thomas Chism 7 Timothy Conner__.......... q Thomas Cockrel 4 Phillip P. Cook 6 Widow Coyrall 6 William Champain 3 William Clark 2 William Cato 4 William Cline 3 Page 141 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Wiley Coleman 5 Widow Crosby..__-.---.----.-.--- 4 William Cockrel 1 William Campbell 8 William Curry. 12 William Chapman 3 William C. Coleman 4 William Carter 7 William Cork 12 William Calhoun 1 William Cockril 3 William Carlisle 12 Widow Coleman 4 Widow Clanton 4 Widow Conly 6 Widow Clark 6 William R. Coleman... 1 Zachariah Crumpton... 10 John Curlee 7 Nathan Cook 6 Alexander Douglass .......... 5 Alexander Dickey, Sr.._........ 3 Alexander Dickey, Jr... 6 Benjamin Dove... 2 Benjamin Dickenson... 3 Benjamin Duncan 1 Charnel Durham 4 Caleb Davis 4 Dabney Duncan David Drennen, Sr.__.....-.._. David Dunn David Drennen, Jr._.._.....-. Elijah Dawkins Elisabeth Dunlap___-....._-.. Elijah Dye Elijah DeLashmette___....._ _ Flemming Duncan-....._.—. _ Green Berry Duncley......-.-. George Dawkins George Dye John Delaney__......John Davidson John Davis John Dawkins John Duncan Jacob Davis James Dukes John Derrick Jonathan Davis a James DuBose John Douglass John Dunlap John Dickerson James Doud Jesse Dawkins, Sr... Jesse Dawkins, Jr...____-__.. John W. Durham John Duets Michael Donnahow._....._.Mansvill Dunlap___.._._____. Nisey Dukes Nathaniel Davis Robert Dunlap Robert Dukes..: _ Robert Dunlap_....-. Richard Dove Robert Daubin Rebekah Dawkins Page 142 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 —e Aa oN wD rm wr 1H or +p Om OO OW Ee He wOOW HDR eR w qt CoC = © LocaL Census, 1829 173 Page 143 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Page 144 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Simon Dawkins 8 Samuel Dukes 1 Thomas Delaney.__._........ 6 Treasvan Degraffenried..... 2 Thomas Dawkins 6 Thomas Duggins 1 Thomas Dunn 4 Thomas Davis 7 Widow Dickson 3 William Delaney 5 William Dansbury__. 6 Widow Dunn 3 Widow Duggins..... 6 William Drennon 6 William Dunn 5 Widow Dunlap... 3 Widow Douglass... 6 Wiseman Dickey._._.____. _ il William Dawkins 7 William Dicketts g W. Mary Ann Davis... 6 Widow Dorrough 7 William Duets 3 Zachariah Dodd...» Asaph Edwards 1 Daniel Eastler__.._._.-_— 5 Henry Edvington..._.__.___.. 2 Hugh England 1 James Elder 2 James Elliott 10 John Edvington 4 Jesse Edvington.._.____.. 7 John Elliott 10 Jane Elliott, widow... 7 John Ellison 7 James Elkins 4 John Ellis 2 Mary Evans 3 Mary Edvington........ 2 Margaret Elliott... 4 Page 145 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Nicholas Ellezer_...._... 3 Michael Evans 6 Robert L. Edmunds... _. 24 Robert D. Ellison___. a... ~§ Robert Elliott 4 Tobias Eastler... 2 Thomas Elliott... 1 Pheba Elders 3 Widow F. Ederington...... 3 Page 146 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Widow Emerson... 5 William Ellison, Jri 8 William Ellison 5 Widow Evans_....... _ 2 Widow Ewen 5 Asaph Edge 10 Elliott Elkins 7 Frederick Entzminger......_ 4 Joseph Evans 12 William Elders... 5 Abner Fant 7 Andrew Frasier_...._. 3 Augusta Freeman 1 Christian Freshley..____. _ 45 Daniel D. Free _... . Q Daniel D. Fenley........ 8 Dorrell Ford 7 David Ferrell 4 Delilah Fee 6 Ezekiah Frasier... a) Ehias Fish 4 George Free 5 Gardner Ford 6 George Ferrell 3 Hezekiah Ford... 5 Isham Fenley Isham Fenley Isaac Freeman James Fant John Ford Jesse Frazier 1 Ooo 8 © OS oO 174 Page 147 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 John Free John Feaster, Sr.____-_-----.-.John Feaster, Jr._._-..--._--_-John M. Feaster_.._._._-_ Jacob Finch James Fife Nathaniel Ford, Sr... _ Nathaniel Ford, Sr.__--_-. Osborn V. Jeffers.......__.-..--Robert Fabridge.__._..........-. Robert Free Robin Ford Samuel Fant Simeon Free Sam’ Frazier 1 Silas Frazier Scythy Fardind___.____.... Samuel Fife Thomas Ferrel Terry Foy Widow Freeman William. Franklin Widow Ferrel MISSING Widow Friday-___.......-..----.-- 8 Widow Farmer__.._................ 5 William Freeman 3 William Free ¢ Widow Foot 4 William Ferrel 3 William Free 9 Widow Free 8 Hugh Gladney___....... 1 Jane Gladney____..-..... 5 Joseph Gladney, L.R._... 9 Jarvis Gibson 7 John Gosee, Sr... 4 James Glenn 10 John Glazier 4 Jesse Gladden 5 James E. Graham 8 John Gibson 7 Jordan Gillum 7 Joseph Gunter_____.......--.. 6 Jacob Gibson 5 Jarvis Gibson, Sr._...---.--.... 3 Lacey Gladden 10 Minor Greggs 4 Richard Gladney- _....._..... 12 Samuel Gladney..............- . 8 Stephen Gibson, Sr..-_...._ 8 Silas Gladden 3 James Grey 1 Joseph Gladney, Jr........... 6 James Gafney__..-.--.. 5 Jeremiah Glenn 5 John Gladden 4 James Grant._ 10 John M. Glenn 1 James Gladden 5 Joseph Graham 5 Joseph Gladney, I.C.__...._. 4 James Gladney__......-. 4 James Griffin Jeremiah Gaither___............... 5 Lewis Goen 7 Minor Gibson 9 Minor Gladden 8 Simon Gillhully_._.._>____. 4 Stephen Gibson, Jr. 4 Sam’l P. Gamble... 8 Thomas Gosee 3 H. A. Glenn 2 Daniel Gardener... - 8 Dolly Gibson 6 Elisha Glover 5 Enoch Grubbs 8 Ebenezer Gastin__. 3 Abel Gibson 11 Alexander Graham... 2 Henry Gibson 10 Loca, Census, 1829 175 Demsey Graham David Gibson Daniel Goen Edmond Griffin Elijah Gibson Elijah Gaten Abel Gibson, Jr... Hugh Gladney__.._...-_ Hezekiah Goen Thomas Griffin William Gibson Widow Gamble... Widow Goodrum William Grant Tamar Greggs Wiat Green Widow Jane Goen__._...__. William Gladdens William Gibson Benjamin Harrison__..__. Benjamin Hood__._....-.._..... Burr Harrison Benjamin Hollis Cudbert Harrison... Daniel Huffman David Huffman Burrel Hollis Page 148 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Buckner Haigood.._...._ _ Betsy Hollis David Hambleton... Daniel Hughey____________. David Haise Isaac Hollis James Haigood__......- _ John Holly John Hathorn John N. Harvey... James Hinnant......._ John Hunt Joseph Hogg Jemima Hill Jonathan Harrison... 7 Jane Hollis 5 J. W. Hudson 3 James Hancocks 7 John Hillis, Sr. . 14 Jesse D. Havis 5 James Hollis 3 James Hogen 4 James Harrison.....__ 8 John Heath 2 John Hinyard 3 James Hinyard 11 John Hutcheson... 6 Joseph Holmes 5 James Hannar........... 9 John A. Harvey. 5 James Harvey, Sr......_.._.... 3 James Harvey, Jr... 2 John Hannar 12 John Harrison 12 Jacob Harten 5 Joshua Hendrix 1 John Hatcher 8 Jesse Hudson 6 John Hall, Jr. 7 John Hall, Sr. 4 John Hood 3 John Hues 6 John Hindman 4 Littleton Hollis 4 Kirkland Harrison... 4 Laben Hall 12 Mary Hinyard...._._.. 4 Margaret Hortan 8 Mausel Hall 9 Mountsey Hollis 4 Robert Hambleton____._- . 6 Richard Hill 9 Rebekah Henson......__..__ — 6 Robert Harper___.---_-_-. 6 Simon Hood 5 176 Sam’] Hannar..._........Susanna Harrison.._...._._._Thomas Harrison_.............. Thomas Hall Thomas Heath Peter Hollis William Heirs Widow Hutcheson_........--..... William Hassen William Harrison Widow Harten William Hambleton_........Widow Hill William Herring Widow Harvey... William Hambleton... William Hodge William Hannar William Hill William Homes Widow Hindman William Hues Widow Hendrix________.. William Hunt William Harrison William Hatcher Widow Harding......___ William Hues Widow Hochketts__.......... Zachariah Hood__.......-.....Zachariah Hall Daniel Harrison.___....__... Daniel Hall David Henderson..._............. Elisha Haigood, Jr.______... Elisabeth Hoge _______Asaph Hill Archibald Hervey___..__-. Alexander Howard______...... Andrew Hannar___.._____ Archibald Hood, Jr.—__. Austin Kollis 4 Alexander Huffman... 11 Berry Hollis 1 Benjamin Harrison... 2 Andrew Haney._..........-.....- 5 Adam Hassen 3 Archibald Haigood -..._._.-..... 7 Archibald Hood, Sr.__..__-- . 6 A. B. Hall 4 Anna Hunter 3 Andrew Hanner._....._....... 2 Andrew Hodge._....-........- 3 Elisha Haigood, Sr..-.-. _ Eli Haugabook Ezekiel Hoge Elijah V. Hollis Elijah Hollis Page 149 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Elijah Henson Elijah Hicks Frances Harrison__.._-..-.--George Hassen George Harrison._.__._____. George W. Hill George R. Hunter_.__— Henry Haigood ———___.__. 3 Hannar Harrison_____....... _ Henry Will Henry Isbel Josiah Irvin Zion Irvin James Jennings..._.____-___John C. Johnston.________. John Johnston, Sr... Joseph James John James Caty Jones 3 David Johnston 10 David James 3 David Johnston, L.C._.- _. 10 David Johnston, W.M.__._.. 12 Locat Census, 1829 Elijah Jones 4 Ezekiel Jenkins 10 George James 5 William Johnston 3 William Jones 8 Henry Jeffers 4 Atna Johnston 8 Abram Jones 4 Aaron Johnston 8 William A. Johnston_.. 1 William Johnston, R.C.__..... _ 6 Widow Jenkins... 8 Widow Johnston... 9 James Johnston 9 Jacob Jackson 10 Jacob Jefferson 3 Mary Jones 8 Matthew Johnston...___. _ 8 William James 2 William Johnston, W.C._....... 7 Peter Johnston 5 Osborne V. Jeffers...........- 6 Ralph Jones 4 Richard Jennings... 7 Rebekah Johnston. 3 Samuel Jackson 4 Sarah Johnston 5 Sam’ Johnston, Sr... 7 Stephen Johnston_............._- 3 Thomas Johnston... 1 Thomas Jennings... 2 William Johnston. 2 William Joiner, Jr... 11 Wn. Joiner, Sr... 4 William Johnston 6 Widow D. Jones_______..__._. 4 Widow Kirkpatrick _____. 5 William Kincaid 10 William Kernaham 5 Widow Lydia Keath... 4 William Kennedy___._____. 6 177 James Kennedy......_____ 7 James Kennedy, Jr... 6 John Kennedy.__.__.__—_ ar) Alexander Kincaid. 2 Barbary Kennedy_._..______. 4 Benjamin Kelly 16 Berryman Knights... 3 Daniel Kirkland... 3 Daniel Keltner 3 Daniel Kerr 4, Elisabeth Knighton __... 5 Elisabeth Kelly... 6 Henry Kennedy... 9 Hampton Kelly... 1 John Kirkland 4 Joseph Kirk 3 Littleton Kelly... _ 6 Moses Knighton... 8 Presley G. Killingsworth_.._ 1 Robert Kennedy__.... 8 Robert Knox 1 Samuel Kennedy... 9 Robert Killpatrick == 1 Samuel Kincart.. 8 Thomas Keath 6 Thomas Killpatrick.._. 9 William Kennedy_.__________. 10 Arromanus Liles... 7 Alexander Lowry____..___. 1 Aaron Lott 7 Benjamin Laken 9 George Lester 5 Charles Lothry_______.__.. 4 David Long 4 David Long 1 David Lightner... 1 Esom Lyles 6 Ephraim Lyles__.....-_____- ~ § Elisabeth Long... 3 Enoch Laughton... 6 Gidion Liles 5 Henry Long 5 Henry Laws 9 Horrace Lee 4 Henry Lovit 4 Widow Love 4 William Ladderdill 9 Thomas Lothridge...-_.... 7 Thomas Lumphries___..._... __ 12 Thomas Long 6 Thomas I. Long_--...-_.--...-... _ 2 Thomas Lockard_........... 5 Widow Lawhon 5 William Lewis 10 Widow Linn_._....---_-.---_-- 2 William Laughton 4 John Long 12 James Long 11 Jesse Laughton 1 John Lightner____...-......--.- _ 3 Jacob Lightner__._..___.. 10 James Lile, A.M. 6 Robert Lathan 5 Mary Page 150 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Lightner____......_-..... 2 Robert Lindsey-.-.....-...-. — 4 Moses Lott T William Long 8 bo Newton Liles Silas W. Lyles Stephen Lewis Thomas Lyles Sarah Lester Samuel Lathan Isaac Lowe James Liles James Linn James Liles John Lathan John Lowry James Laughon John Lucas James Lovett or Joseph Langford_____.__-._._ James Lemon John Lamma James Lemon William Levester Thomas McMeekin__.__....... Thomas McKinstry_._......... Thomas McCully___..--Widow McBride... William McCreight_.. William McQuarters..........--... Widow McHown_................. William McCamie William McCause William McConnel Widow McHill..... Widow McBride..............-..Widow McClane.____......_. William McDanal William McDanal Widow McMilling_____ William McCullough Widow McDowell... Widow McGrady___...__... Widow McDanal Margaret McKown______.__. William McBlair Widow McCully... Bryant McColley___....-_ Andrew McGill Arthur MecNiel Arthur McGraw..__............... Alexander McHatton_...__.. Andrew McQuestin..........._. Andrew MeConnel.............. John McMaster___.._ John McCreight, Sr.___...... John McDowell John McDole John McCrae 5 Samuel McQuarters.....____ 4 Thomas McCullough... § John McVay 6 John MeNeel 3 John McCamie 8 James McCamie_.._.... ss 4 James McDill 9 John McNaul 3 John McCall 2 James McGraw... _ 8 James McEacharn._...... 7 James McCreight._. 11 Jane McCreight._____- a 2 James McCrorey, Jr............. 10 James McCause.._._.__ 9 John McGrady__.. 1 John McWatters...... 9 James McCullough... _ 6 John McDanal 3 John McCullough...__.___. _ 8 John McCall 9 John McCreight, Sr... _ 4 John McDowell 8 James McCrorey, Sr._........ 14 John McDanal 5 George McCormick... 5 George McClane... 5 George McCullough... 12 Alexander McDanal___. ss 4 Adam McCoy 5 Andrew McCleekin..._____- 7 Andrew McMeekin......_ 6 Abram McGraw... 9 Alexander McDanal...._____. 8 Archibald McGinnis..___. «6 Andrew McDanal 6 Benjamin McCrane............... 3 Edward McGraw_______.._ 3 Elizur McBride... _ 4 Samuel McClunney_..... 6 Page 151 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 179 Henry MeNiel 2 Hugh McDanal 1 Charles McCullough... 5 David McDowell... _ il David McCammock ._.__. 4 Daniel McGill 2 Daniel McDanal 6 David MeMilling...... 3 David McMilling. 11 David McDanal 7 David McBurney... ~ 6 David McBurney, Sr... 2 Emiline McKinsey... 1 John McCrorey.....__.._. 8 John McMilling. ~ 5 James McCully. 8 John McCully. _ 9 John McCully, B.S. 6 James McCrorey........- 83 James McMaster... 5 Jane McCan 3 John McHenry... 1 Marshall McGraw... «6 Patrick McConnel.._........ 2 Quinton McCreight_.____. — 8 Robert McCamie.._......... 1 Robert McCreight, Sr... 5 Robert McCreight.._...___.. 2 Robert McCullough__._._ 4 Robert McCullough... 3 Rodrick McDanal 4 Samuel McCreight 1 Samuel McCause..._.._»_ sd: Sarah McCamie_ Samuel McMilling, Sr. 2 Samuel McMilling, Jr... 2 Sarah McCamie..._....__ _ 2 Samuel McKenstry._._.__. — § Elisabeth Moore__......_. 4 George Murphy... 7 George Martin 7 Page 152 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 180 Gardner Miller. ._________. 5 George Moore 11 George Martin 1 Hugh Milling... 10 Hugh Montgomery_........_-. 4° Hannah Murdock___._____- 2 Henry I. Macon 10 Henry Moore 3 Hugh Murdock 3 Henry Martin 1 Henry Mariner_.._._.._._- 5 Charles Montgomery_........ 9 Catharine Mattocks... 2 Charles Moore__.......______..-.. 12 Chesley Matthews... — ill Cornelius Mangin._________. Christopher Morgan___........... Cullen Mobley____.......__—- _ David Means David Milling... David H. Means William N. Mounts William Moore William Murphy Widow Morris Washington Mason____.__..... William Matthews William Marion Mary Morris Mary Ann Means Mary Milling Micajah Mobley__.___....__-__ Margaret Moore__._._______.. Moses Mobley Meredith Meadow, Jr._____.. Nathaniel Majors... Peter Moore John Meadow James Moore John Martin John Myers a Or OF CT AT NT OO Ot OO HH DO OO HR HR OF AT Orb DD OO OR PH PB OO PH DO Page 153 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 History or FArrFIeELD County Page 154 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 James Morris 7 Patrick Marion 7 Robert Martin 5 Robert Means 6 Richard G. Mayo.....-...... 30 Robert Moorman 9 Robert Martin, L.R.....__. . 8 William M. Mobley-.....--........ 4 Widow Morgan 5 Widow F. Morgan.......... 6 William Marrion 7 William Marlow.................. 4 William Moots 8 William Munnel 5 Widow Marshall 3 Widow MtGomery___.......... William Martin Alexander Marshall__.________. Andrew Mickler___.Amzi Meek Braly Moss Burgess Moore Bigger Mobley-........__-..... | Benjamin Melone_—__... Delilah Morris David Milling, Sr..-_____ David Montgomery.._......_— David Mobley_.......__Daniel Manns Page 155 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Daniel Mobley____.__.___-_-. — 1 Ebenezer Mooty___________- _ Eli Massy Edward P. Mobley....______ Elisabeth Muse... Edward Meadow_____-___.... _ Isham Mobley, Sr._.___-... Isham Mobley, Jr._-__._... TOT DD HO Wr OO WO = SP DP Or or © © WY DO Isaiah Mobley 6 John Miller 9 John Mills 11 John Melony 4 Loca, Census, 1829 Page 156 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 John Phillips John Meshatts James Mayburn James Martin Mary Masters Mary Martin John Matchett James Mooty John Mooty James B. Mobley____________ John Mobley John Milling John Martin James. Miller James B. Miller James Marshall John Miller John Montgomery_..____ John Mickle John Massey John Moon Jamed Morgan James Melton James Murdock Reuben Mason Robert Matthis Robert Marshall Robert Malone Samuel Mobley... Turner Mason Samuel McGomery____...._.. Thompson Mayo... Thomas Morgan Thomas Muckleduff...._.__ Thomas Marshall Thomas Mann Thomas Mills Thomas Mobley._______. __ Page 157 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Thomas Minton... _ il Umphrey Muse___......... Widow Moore PO Or PW OW PW WDD PS OO ATW OD OW OHO OK ODO BD DW OD @ OF bh yo on on Widow Manual William Mooty Widow Milling... William Martin Widow Mabry. Jonathan Mickle... John Miles John Massey, Jr... _ John Melony, Sr... John Martin, L.R.__.. Widow Nevitt Widow Nolen Widow Niel William Nevitt William Nicholas Widow M. Niel Widow Newman Isasah Nealy Isaiah Nolen James Nolen James Nelson Joseph Neaves........... James W. Nelson... John Niel John Niel John Nealery James Niel, Sr... James Nolan Jane Nelson Robert Neel, Sr... Stephen Nolen Thomas Nolen Page 158 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Thomas Nicholas, Jr... Thomas Nicholas, Sr._____Thomas Nelson_.._......-_ Thomas Nolen Thomas Nelson_......._Thomas Nicky____..__ Victor Neally Ann Neil Agnus R. Nicholson_____.... Se ee ee eee ee Page 159 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 181 p— ONTIWNN OW WAP WOWAMNANAWATADN WOH DBDNwWwW OMe NY OAS Re 182 Benjamin Nevitte.._. _ 8 Benjamin Nettes__....-Charles Nolen 4 Cornelius Nevitt__._. 7 Daniel Nelson 6 David Nolen 2 Henry Nelson 4 Elisha Owen 7 Elisabeth Olney...__...__._ 3 George Owen. 4 George O’Neal 3 Burrel Olmond___.______.. _ 4 Mary Owen 6 2 3 1 4 1 9 8 D 8 8 2 4, Mary O’Neal Sarah Owen Stephen Olney.__....._-..- _ Smith Olney Thomas F. Owen_..._........... Thomas Owen, Sr.____-__.... Thomas Olliver___....------.. William Owen James Owen, Sr... John Owen Widow E. Parr. Widow E. Pearson.._............ William Powell 12 Widow Polley__.._..______. 4 William Paggett 8 Widow Porter... C8 Zachariah Price__._...___-.- _ 10 Zachariah Pannel............. 8 Isaac Perry 11 James Phillips... 11 Jane E. Proctor......_...-.....-..- 5 John Parr 5 John Paul 1 Joshua Player... 9 John Pannel 6 John B. Pickett 8 Joseph Paul 6 Joseph Perry 3 Hisrory oF FAIRFIELD COUNTY John Porter John Polley Edward G. Palmer.__............. Bartley Pannel Archibald Paul John; Parr Aaron Powell Andrew Pannel Harman Peters..............-..... Hugh Perry, Sr.....-...--..----Hugh Perry, Jr._—_--_-_-_Vincen Parks William Phillips William Perry 1 Widow Powel Widow Powell William Pettis Widow Paul Smith Phillips Stewart Pierce... Susanna Pannel Simeon Pannel Charlotte Page 160 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Pickett_.......___- _ Sam’l Peke Tolman C. Pickett... _ Thomas Pool Tapley Pool Thomas Peay John Parnell.: James Parks John Parnon Alexander Park Benjamin Puckett____.._.._Benjamin Pannel Betsy Pannel Austin Peay Austin Peay George Peters._._..-...James Paine James Parkinson._........- __ Jesse Parr Page 161 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Page 162 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 WO DH WPAN WWARDA DWAR KE RAH DOTE NOR WO HOA PH ATS oor mw PO Locat Census, 1829 John Pearson 6 Jane Phillips 4 Lewis Perry 7 8 1 0 Luke Pannel Mary Pickett Phillip Polock 1 Phillip Pearson, Sr... 5 Robert Pongue.._..._....... 8 ~Roddrick Pierce... 9 Richard Pannel 6 Rebekah Powers... 6 Robert Paterson 10 Robert Persithe 7 George Pearson 7 Charles Pickett 3 Caty Polley 4 David Pannel 3 David Pinks 3 4 5 3 1 2 6 2 8 13 2 6 3 Page 163 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 David Patton Edward Pearson ___......._ Elisabeth Phillip. Ephraim Pool Elisabeth Parr_._... Charles Rabb Charles Rainey... Daniel Ruff David Roe, Sr. Page 164 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 David Roe, Jr. Edward Runnels Elijah Raines Edward Runnells, Sr... 11 George Reaves 4 George Roberson... 7 George Rochell 5 Howard Roberson... 3 Hugh Roseborough._..._.... 5 Hector Ray 3 Hugh Roseborough.__..... 7 Hugh Robeson Alexander Reed_......_____ 6 Alexander Roseborough ...... 5 Alexander Rabb... _ Il Alexander Roberson._.....-_. 2 Benjamin Rook... 3 Benjamin Roberts... 7 B. H. Randolph. 3 Frederick M. Roberts__.__.. 2 Anderson Rochell._... 6 Anthony Raines 9 Archibald Robeson................ 3 Andrew Richmond... 4 Abner Ross T Amos Rose 6 Benoni Robeson... 12 William Ragdell 4 William Right 8 William G. Raines 4 Widow Right 4 William Reedy 1 William Roberson, M.C.....---. 1 Thomas Rutling.. 6 Thomas Rose 1 Parker Ragsdell_....-- ss 4 William Roberson 11 Widow Ray 3 William Roberson, Jr... 2 Widow Rowling... 4 Win. Roberts, Jr... 8 William Roberts, Sr. 8 Joseph Roberson.._____.___.... 10 Page 165 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 -John Roseborough._.____. 8 James C. Roberson.___._...... 4 John Roseborough........_.. 7 James Rochell 4 4 4 11 John Reaves John Roberson, W.R.—__ Jesse Rawls, Jr... John Roberson, L.C.___-__ 10 Joseph Roberson, L.C..... 11 Littleton Reins 2 Nicholas Roberts... 3 Joseph Romedy..........._- _ § Page 166 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Page 167 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 184 Lewis Roberts 6 Margaret Roberson_.........._... 1 Peter Ried 4. Sebastin Ruff 5 John Rabb 14 John Roberson 3 Joseph Richardson... 10 James P. Roberson............... 1 John Rowe 7 John P. Roberson... 6 John Roberson 11 John Runnels 5 J. L. Roberts 8 John Rowe, Sr.__.....-..----- 6 John Roberts 3 James Roseborough._........ 8 Jesse Rawls 12 Robert Rabb 8 Robert Roberson_........__ 9 Silas Ruff 4 Samuel Roberson, Sr._......... 5 James Raines 7 John Roberson, C.C._.......... 4. John Rodgers 10 James Ringer 4 Thomas Roberson_.....____... 10 Thomas Richerdson__...__. 8 William Roberson 6 William Rose 5 William Roberson, Sr.............. 6 William Roberson 1 William Roberts 3 William Runnels, Jr. _._ 6 William Runnels, Sr... 14 James Roe 9 John Rowling. 1 Robert J. Richey__._________. _ 83 Shadrack Runnels... 11 Thomas Rabb q John Stewart 1 7 James Stevens History or FarrFretp County James S. Smith John Sloan 1 James Smith James Sawyers.........._-___.. John Simmerly.__. James S. Smith John Sinkler John Simonton, Jr._........... Joseph Smith James Splawn 1 John Speel John Seigler John Sullivan Jacob Sellars Jacob Simmerall John Simmons John Smith, Sr. _ John Seigler, Monticello. John D. Stanton___....--...Joseph Stanton James Sharp John Shearly John Smith, B.C... Isaac Stanton William Stanton William Scott William D. Seamore.._.___..___._William Stevenson Widow Simms Widow Simmons....._... William Summervil..........____ _ Daniel Scott David Simpson Daniel Sexton David Smith Thomas Shelton 1 Urban Shed William Shaffer William Stanton William Smith William Steel Page 168 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Page 169 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 pt oor OSWwWwWoOoOrRATATDIDO NON WOOF BEN ATOWWTIADOSO Rr WW HH OHO HN SD OC HR KP To Wat Os LocaL Census, 1829 William Simpson Widow Scott William Sloan William Shed, Sr. Widow Stevenson... William Strother Widow Seigler... William Shelton Widow Skelly William Stone, Sr. Washington Sanders........_. Richard Sanders... Robert Smith Rachel Setslar_.... Robert Shealy_... Robert S. Strong... Sarah Stanton Samuel Sterling... _ Sam’! F. Smith. Samuel Stevenson... Samuel Stone Sarah Stone Sam’! Stokes Thomas Stitt Susanna Smith Thomas M. Smith... Thomas Scarbor.._.._____ Elisabeth Sutton, Widow__. Edward Simms, Sr... Elijah Sherley_..._.__ _ John Smith Joseph Smith John Simpson John Simms John Smith, A.M. Major Scott James Swan James Sloan John Starke Jeremiah Sutton_._. John Bowling Smith... Page 170 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Lee Stewart Martha Smith Matthew Smith Millard Sanders _ Nathaniel Smith... Richard Smith Nathaniel Sanders... Robert Stitt Alexander Skilley_. Archibald Strange... Benjamin Swan Benjamin Strange... George Shedd George W. Sanders... George Scott. George Shed, Sr. George Simpson... George Sweatman Page 171 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 George Seigler... Aaron Smith Aaron Smith, Sr. Abram Shannon... Betsy Seamore Hugh Stevenson... _ Henry Smith Charles P. Stone...» Charles Slemaker....._._. Robert Tennant______. ee Sarah Trapp Samuel Treadwell __ Sterling Tidwell... Sam’! Taylor Strother Tidwell__.. Sarah Tims William Turner William Taylor Wm Terry Zachariah Trapp......___._.. _ John Turner John Thompson. John Tidwell, Jr. Page 172 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 punk GO or b— PIP OTM AO AND PRE EAD NH OATAROBRAAwWHARDWRERWOOA EE 186 History or Farrrietp CouNntTY John Tidwell, Sr... John Turnipseed._......_____ _ John Thompson . John Tines John Templeton..___._... John H. Taylor___.....---James Tompkins James Thomas Jane Tidwell William Thompson, Sr._.-__-._--. William B. Thompson..........- _ Widow Thornton_____.___.._..Widow Torbets.__.... William Thomas Coty Tidwell Catharine Tidwell... Claboun Trussel David Tinkler_..._....______. Daniel Tolleson Eli Tidwell Etheldread Thompson__...._Gaun Thompson_.___.—- _ Hugh Thompson._._..-.......--Henry Taylor Alexander Turner_______..---Alexander Thompson... Abel Thomas Abraham Turnipseed___.._ Alexander Turner... _ Alexander Tennant, Sr... Alexander Tennant, Jr.._.— John Thomas Jane Tidwell, Sr... Jeremiah Taylor-_..........__— Levi Trapp Littleton Trapp..— __________.. Lucinda Taylor___........- _ Meredith Taylor____._...._Nancy Thompson_ ——__.....Nathaniel Thompson... _. Pierre Thomas Page 173 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 foot HB owr DP HE NORE DWN DOW ATR PNW ONAN WOH WANE NWN RP WOAaA DN & Page 174 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Page 175 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Robert Tharp 5 Roderick N. Tallifarro.__..._ 4 Michael Turnipseed...tt... 5 Jemima Tidwell 4 Robert Thompson_.__-...__.._-- 0 Robert Thomas 6 John Veale 1 Jacob Varnadore.______.-..-..-.- 1 Matthew Varnadore.___.__ a | Paul Vaudivier........_....... 8 William Veale Adam Varnadore.........._...._ 5 Daniel Vaugn 6 Widow Wilcocks 3 William Walker 3 Widow I. Wier................- _ 8 Walker Watson 6 William Watt, Jr. 3 Thomas Williams .......... _ 10 Thomas T. Williamson_..... _3 Uriah Wrights... 5 Vinecen Wages 4 Widow G. Woodward.......... 5 William Woodward............_ 3 William Watt, Sr. 4 Widow Watson 8 Willis Whitaker... 2 Isaac Woodward__.__........- 4 John Woodward.............._ _ § Joseph Willingham.__._._..... 5 John Wilson 8 James Wilson 8 John Wiley 13 John S. Worner.__......._.-__-. 6 James Welden 9 James Wolling....._...— _ 8 James Watt 5 James Woodburn..___........ 3 James Williams..._............._ _ 4 James Wier 9 John B. Walker... 3 LooaL Census, 1829 Jesse Wilson James Walker... Jacob Wirick Jesse Wirick Jones Wright John Williams, Sr... John Williams, Jr... John S. Wrenchy__.....___. _ John Wilson John Wages James Wilson Jabez Worner Jonathan Watts... John Watts John Wier James Whittaker... John Wells John M. Warring... John B. Walker... John Weeks John Wells, Sr. John Walker John Worring....._____ _ James Westbrooks.__.___.___ James Wilson, W. C._.._... _ John Woodward__._________ James Wier John W. C. Ware... Levi Wilson Levisa Woodward._.__________. Mary Widner Matthew Wootan Mary Winn Mary Welch Matthew Weir... Charles Watt David Wilson Meridith Wilson_... Mark Wooten Nicholas Wirick, Sr... Nancy Wilson Page 176 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 PPM WW ow Oo DD BP oO J Oo ATP BR on on on DO Page 177 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 St SO He He OD HR 09 GO HR OO tr OO OR OD fet Ha Nathaniel Woodward... 4 Nancy Wallace... 2 Osmund Woodward......... 7 Richard Woodward... 3 Randal Woodward... 7 Ralph Wilson 6 1 4 6 1 6 4 Richard Welsh... Robert Weston... Richard Woodward, Sr.___. Richard L. Whittaker______ Robert Wallace... Reuben Wilmore... Samuel Wiley... «19 Samuel Woodburn... 4 Samuel Worring....... 7 Samuel Wiley 2 Theophilus Wilson_____. ss 6 Theophilus Wilson, Jr....... 5 William Wier 6 William Wilson 5 Widow Welden 2 Widow M. Welden._____.____. 4 W.N. Wilson, Sr... _ 4 Widow Williamson... 9 Zachariah Wallace... sd Charles Webb 4. Catharine Wiley__.._._.__. _ 4 Daniel Wallace... 3 9 11 9 3 1 5 2 1 4 6 6 7 3 David Weir Drewry Walker... Daniel Wooten Daniel Watts Dicksey Ward David Weir, Sr... David Weir, Jr... _ Elisabeth Watts Elijah Willingham... Ehas Walker Elijah Wootan Elisabeth Watson_.__.___ _ George Woodward... Page 178 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 188 History oF Farrrrmetp County George Wiley 4 Abram Widner______-__ 3 Benjamin Wages__..________ _ 8 Benjamin Wages._________ _. 10 Bowling Wrights________... 6 Harriet Watson 2 Abram Wheeling.________. 2 Hiram Wilson 8 Andrew Walker, Sr... 4 Andrew Walker, Jr.__..__._... 4 Andrew Wages___._....__ _ 12 Betsy Watson 5 Hardy Wootan 4 Henry Wilson 2 Harmon Wirick 5 Alexander Yarbour________. 3 Alexander Yarbour___....._._- 2 Ann Younger 4 Page 179 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Edward Yarbour___.__.______. 4 Henry Yarbour..___ Crecey Youngue_.. James Youngue John L. Young.________... William Youngue__ Widow E. Youngue Thomas Yarbour__.. John Yarbour eee eee John Youngue, Sr.__________ John Youngue, Jr... _ James Youngue Jonathan Young__.. Margarett Youngue Martin Youngue__. Robert Youngue___ Samuel W. Youngue Sarah Yates ee eee Mary Zimmerman OD HR gm © O AT SO OCR Oo mR AT Or OO GW OP Page 180 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 APPENDIX STATISTICS OF SOUTH CAROLINA By Robert Mills, of South Carolina P. A., Engineer and Architect Published in Charleston, 1826 [Because of its high place in the annals of South Carolina that Mills’ Statistics hold, the entire sketch of Fairfield is reprinted. But as a later research master said “Mills was a good architect and engineer, but a poor historian.” The historical sketch of Fairfield was written by Philip Edmund Pearson, the author of “Pearson’s Manuscript history”, also herein published. But Mr. Pearson fell into many errors, using tradition, and not having access to records only to be found in Charleston and to other historical documents, which only since 1920 have been made accessible. | FAIRFIELD History of the Settlement. Origin of its Name The first settlement of this district took place about 1745. Col. John Lyles and his brother Ephraim were among the first settlers. They located themselves at the mouth of Beaver Creek on Broad River. Ephraim Lyles was killed by the Indians in his own house, but by a wonderful interposition of Providence, the Indians went off and left Lyles’ wife and seven or eight small children in it, after killing a Negro who was outside of the house. The Lyles were natives of Brunswick, Virginia, but removed to this country from Bute County, N. C. About the time of the settlement of the Lyles, Capt. Richard Kirkland, the grandfather of Mr. Reuben Harrison, settled on the Wateree River, at or near Col. Peay’s plantation. Kirkland was a Virginian and a man of great wealth in those early times; he owned fifty brood mares. [The date of the settlement of Ephraim Lyles is not definitely stated in any document found. From a petition filed by his widow in 1761, it seems likely that his settlement in Fairfield was about 1750. Col. John Lyles settled in Newberry County. The earliest settlers in Fairfield were along the Broad River near the conjunction with Little River, about 1742. Capt. Richard Kirkland came to Camden with a party of Quakers, but not “of them” in 1752, and, probably, came into Fairfield very soon after.] SITUATION BOUNDARIES, ETC. The geological situation of Fairfield is, with the exception of a slip of sandy pine land on its southeastern limit, within the 190 History or Farrrretp County granite region. The granite begins first to appear above the surface of the high grounds of this district. It comes chiefly under the sixth division of the State (about 80 or 90 miles wide) as noted under the general view of its geological features, being of the primitive formation, resting on granite or gneiss rocks. The Page 181 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 surface is generally a deep red or yellowish clay, covered with a rich soil sometimes mixed with sand and gravel. In its general aspect the country is much diversified. In some places the traveler finds the level plains of the low country, in others the gentle undulations of the middle country, and sometimes meets, particularly in the vicinity of water-courses, with the rude surface and romantic scenery of a mountaineous region. The soil is very various, from the best to the worst that is found in the upper country. The lands on Beaver Creek, Wilkinson’s Creek, Goodman's Creek, Rock Creek, Wateree and Dutchman’s Creeks are of the finest quality, clay foundations covered with rich vegetable mould. The lands near the rivers are excellent and inexhaustible. The uplands are often of so uneven a surface as to be much injured by heavy rains, when in a state of cultivation. The bottoms are everywhere rich and productive, and in many instances of considerable extent, but not always secure from inundations. Removed from the neighborhood of the creeks the soil is of a different quality, light and sandy and tolerably productive; sometimes reposing on a peculiar clay, which in wet seasons render it somewhat miry. The soil of the southern part of the district is light, but towards the north is of superior quality. The lands in Fairfield are adapted to the culture of the small grains, all of which grow well. Cotton, of the short staple, is cultivated to the greatest advantage. Upon an extensive plantation 700 or 800 pounds in the seed are considered a good average product; 2,000 pounds per acre, however, have been gathered from fields of considerable extent, owned by the late General Pearson and Mr. Reuben Harrison. This great production was, besides, the effect of manuring. The lands were upland in the vicinity of Broad River. The products of Indians corn are from ten to fifty bushels to the acre, of wheat about fifteen bushels. Fairfield district is bounded as follows: on the north by Chester district, from which it is separated by a line running from the mouth of Rocky Creek to Catawba River, south 80 miles and west 30 miles, until it intersects the Broad, at the mouth of Sandy River; on the west and southwest by Broad River which divides APPENDIX 191 it from Union, Newberry, and Lexington districts; on the south by a line drawn from Little River, beginning one mile from the mouth of Shaffer’s Creek, S. 88, E. seventeen and one-half miles to the corner of Kershaw which divides it from Richland district; on the southeast by a line drawn from the last mentioned point, or corner, N. 18. 15 E. fourteen miles twenty-three chains to the intersection of Wateree River where Cornel’s Creek enters it which divides it from Kershaw; and on the northeast by the Wateree and Catawba Rivers, up as high as the mouth of Rocky Creek, which divides this district from a part of Lancaster and Kershaw. By a close computation, Fairfield contains 471,040 square acres, being on an average thirty- two miles long, and twenty-three in width. District, Towns, Villages Winnsborough is the seat of justice of the district, and is one of the most pleasant and flourishing villages in the State. It les in latitude 34°, 19’, 28” N. and longitude 0°, 5’, 0” W. from Columbia, from which it is distant is a straight line 2534 miles. It is situate on the dividing ridge between the waters of Wateree and Broad Rivers; a main branch of the Wateree Creek heads near the village; also a Page 182 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 main branch of the Little River, a water of Broad River, called Jackson’s Creek. The heads of these streams furnish excellent streams of water. The elevation of the ground on which the town stands, has been estimated at 340 feet above Wateree River at the junction of Wateree Creeks; and about 493 above the ocean. There are few, if any, more healthy places in the State than Winnsborough. The lands around are fertile, gentle undulating, and highly improved. It has a handsome court-house and jail, an academy, formerly a college, which is richly endowed and very flourishing; three churches, a masonic hall and a market house. The number of private houses, some of which are handsome, is about fifty, there are two houses of entertainment, and eight or ten stores. Two considerable saw gin factories are carried on here. Winnsborough is remarkable for having been the headquarters of Lord Cornwallis in the Revolutionary War, after the defeat of Ferguson at King’s Mountain, when he retreated from Charlotte. 192 History oF FairFreLtD CouNTY Mount Zion College was established in this place before the war (4 Statutes, 674) and received an act of incorporation in 1777 (February 13). It was formerly in high repute and conferred degrees." There are two other villages in the district; Monticello, which contains the Jefferson Academy, to the founding of which institution the venerable patriot, in honor of whom it received its name, liberally contributed. Monticello is situated between the waters of Little River and Wilkinson’s Creek. It contains a few houses besides the academy, and is in a healthy, rich and populous neighborhood. Rocky Mount, sometimes called Grimkiville, in honor of the late venerable Judge Grimki, contains a few houses, and must be a considerable place at some future day. It commands a fine view of the Catawba River, its numerous islands and rapids, and the mountainous elevations along its banks for many miles. There is another settlement resorted to by the wealthy planters of the Wateree during the fall months, situate on a high ridge, called Long Town, an academy has lately been established there, which promises to be permanent and useful. The situation of the settlement is very healthy and free from every source likely to originate disease. There is another academy called Broad River academy, about eight miles below Monticello, which is in operation and promises usefulness. fivers and Creeks Navigable and Otherwise The Broad River is navigable the whole extent of the district, as also the Catawba and Wateree, (which is one and the same river, the change of name from Catawba to Wateree occurring where the Wateree Creek comes in. Little River is navigable now for a short distance above its confluence with Broad River, and is said to be capable of a much more extended navigation. Little River is a very important stream. Its main branch, Lee’s Creek rises several miles within the Chester line, and runs nearly parallel with Broad River, entirely across the district in its greatest breadth, before emptying into Broad River. It has 1 Thia institution has gone again into successful operation and realized considerable funds to enable it to be put on a most respectable footing. It has at the head of its literary department a gentleman of the first classical attainments, Mr. Stafford, whose peculiar talent for teaching ia evidenced by the success which Page 183 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 attended his charge of the Plattsburg academy which he conducted for many years. ~ APPENDIX 193 numerous branches. About the centre of the district it forks into three principal streams. A few miles below the fork it receives Jackson Creek, afterwards Mill Creek, then Morris Creek, all on the east side. Several other streams enter Little River on both sides but of minor importance. The next most considerable stream is Wateree Creek. It rises in two main branches, called Little and Big Wateree Creeks, on opposite sides of the district, fourteen miles apart; these after receiving numerous small streams, unite about five miles from the river. The creek discharges itself into the Watere River about three and a half miles above the Lancaster and Kershaw districts. This stream is noted for extensive bodies of low grounds of great fertility. The adjacent uplands are also excellent. The next water course of the greatest extent in Fairfield, is Dutchman’s Creek. Its main fork has its source within a mile of the branch of the Little Wateree, near the road leading to Columbia, six miles from Winnsborough, and after receiving another branch, parallel with the Little Wateree, meanders through a rich bottom land about eighteen miles, and falls into the Wateree River, about three miles below Peay’s ferry. Beaver Creek, emptying into Broad River, is a beautiful stream and noted for being the first place of settlement in the district by a white population. It is divided into two principal branches, the highest of which rises about twelve miles from its mouth. The lands on this water course are very fertile. On hemp-patch fork of this creek are several strong sulphur springs. The two head branches of Cedar Creek, (the big and little Cedar waters of Richland) rise in this district on the south side. The latter heads up near Little Wateree, and the former not far from the Cedar fork of Dutchman’s Creek. Rocky Creek discharges its waters at the northeast corner of the district, just above Grimkiville and Cornell’s Creek. The other waters of the Wateree River are in the following order, according to extent; Sawney’s two branches, Twenty-five Miles Creek, Morris, Fox, Bear, and Crooked Creeks. Those of Broad River are Wilkinson’s. Terrible, Rock, Goodocon, and Cool Branch, a water of Sandy River, which discharges immediately at the northwest corner of the district. A number of islands are formed in the two rivers, opposite to Fairfield district. In Broad River, there are Taylor’s, Hendersons’s, Wean’s, Pearson’s Hampton’s, Ameck’s, Hewett’s and 194 History oF FatrrieLp CouNTY Smith’s, islands. In Wateree are Stark’s Artledge’s, and Montgomery’s,; islands; all fertile and some of them in cultivation. Value of Land—Price of Provisions The value of land varies considerably in various parts of the district. Whilst some will bring from $20 to $80 an acre, others will not bring $3. Averaging the whole at about $10 would be about a correct valuation for a productive soil. When we examine into the value of the produce of these lands, in the aggregate, namely, from 200 to 250 pounds of clean cotton, or twenty-five bushels of corn, or fifteen of wheat, each worth clear of expenses from $10 to $20 an acre, we shall be satisfied, that an average of $10 an acre is not too high a price for these lands. If we allow that there are only 50,000 acres under cultivation in the district, which is in the ratio of one to eight of uncleared land, the value of the whole products raised in Fairfield would equal to $1,254,000. Columbia is the principal Page 184 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 market to which the products of this district are now sent; from thence it is boated by merchants to Charleston. A few of the merchants and planters of Fairfield still send their crops to Charleston, and a few have made trial of the Hamburg market. Timber Trees—Fruit Trees Our forest are filled with the finest timber and the greatest variety. Exclusive of the indigenous trees the following are the most noted; the poplar, hickory, several kinds, walnut, pine beech, birch, white, black and red oaks, Spanish, Turkey or willow oaks, ash, elm, Linden, black and sweet gum, sugar cherry, maple, sour wood, dogwood, alder spicewood, sassafras, cucumber, Judas tree, hackberry, iron wood, papaw, cotton and the red cedar. The exotics, naturalized are, Pride of India, Lombardy poplar, balm of Gilead, arbor vitae, etc. The wild fruits are crab apples, chinquepins, persimmons, black haws, red haws, plums, sloes, currants or service berries, strawberry, May apple, whortleberries, in variety, papaws, mulberries, sugarberries, raspberries, black berries, wild gooseberries, hazel nuts, walnuts, hickory in variety, cherries, chestnuts, prickly pear muscadines, and other wild grapes, many of which are excellent. The tame fruits are peaches, quinces, apples, pears, apricots, figs, pomegranites, APPENDIX 195 cherries, Malmsey plums, hard shell almonds, damisons in great variety, grapes, several kinds of melons. Expenses of Living—Prices of Labor These are both moderate; boarding in the country is from $6 to $8 a month; at the regular taverns from $3 to $4 a week. Field hands hire at the rate of $80 to $100 a year and found. Cluemate, Diseases, Longevity This district lies in a region temperate and salubrious. In the immediate vicinity of the water courses, with rich and extensive bottoms, intermittent and remittent fevers occur in the fall. The recent opening of rich low grounds has had a marked effect in rendering the country more sickly. The repeated cloture of these low grounds, however, will eventually rectify this evil, and restore health to these situations. The heads of all the water courses are healthy, also the ridges of highlands. Taking the average of deaths in the year, there are few if any districts in the upper country more healthy. The evidences of the favorable character of the climate are in many instances of longevity, which have been and are now found in the district. The following are the most conspicuous: Mr. Watts 1s said to have died many years ago aged 126 years; Mr. and Mrs. Helms said to be upwards of 100 years; Jonathan Luelling and William Holley survived their hundredth year; Patrick Smith, born in Ireland, resided here for fifty years, and died in 1808, aged 103; Mrs. Austin born in Virginia, mother of twenty-one children, nearly all of whom lived to maturity. She was healthy and strong throughout life. After a residence of forty-five years in Fairfield she died in 1802, aged 84 years. Job Meador came to the settlement with the Mobleys, died in October, 1822 at the advanced age of 102; James Phillips died upwards of eighty years of age; Mrs. Graves, mother of Mr. Reuben Harrison, at upwards of 100 years; Page 185 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 James Roebuck at 87; Andrew Feaster at 82; Charles D. Bradford at 84; Mrs. Daigan, grandmother of General Strother, at 96; Mrs. Strother at 86; Mr. Tidwell at 105; James Newton 94 (Mr. Newton was a true Nimrod; his fortune was his rifle. He killed the last elk that was ever heard of in this part of the country.) Mrs. Helms 100; Joseph Helms 100; Richard Howard 106; Mrs. Shirly is 196 History oF FAIRFIELD CouNTY 105 years of age; Jennings Allen, a soldier at Braddock’s defeat will be 100 years old in a few months; Richard Gatker about 100; Adam Free is 89 years of age; Mrs. Bradford 84; John Austin 82; Mr. Humes 97; Mr. McCrory about 90; Phillip Pearson, David James, Thomas Knighton, Thomas Muse and Job Owing are about 80 years of age; William Coleman, Robert Shirley, Isham Mobley and several others average in their ages upwards of 90. Many of the above persons are still active and sprightly, and none more so than Mr. Allen. {[P. 8—Hardly likely that Newton killed an elk. Mark Catesby, the naturalist, who was in Virginia and South Carolina, 1712-1726, says of the elk, “This stately animal is a native of New England, and is rarely seen south of 40 degrees (400 miles north of S. C.) and consequently are never seen in Carolina.” ] Roads and Bridges and Ferries The nature of the soil of this district operates very much against our having good roads at that season of the year when the wagons travel on them. At other times there are in pretty good order. It is in contemplation to form a company to construct a good road from Columbia to the North Carolina line, running through the center of this district; which probably will in due time receive the attention of the Legislature. A vast number of wagons from North Carolina, York and Chester districts pass through Fairfield, which renders it important that a good road should be constructed, though many are under the impression that the period is not far distant when the produce of all this country will be transported either by the Broad or Wateree Rivers to Columbia or Camden instead of being brought down in wagons as it now is. The bridges in the district are all built of wood. On the main road these ought to be constructed of stone; they are then required to be but once built, whereas built of wood they require renewal, in whole or in part, every ten years. The stability of the government, the rapid progress of improvement in the country, and the capacities of the State are such as to justify the making of every public work permanent. Broad River furnishes many ferries, and several fords, which are very well kept, as also those of Wateree. Very good accommodations are now to be found in our public inns. APPENDIX 197 Manufactures, Domestic and Others Much attention is paid to manufacturing articles for family use, but nothing in the large way has yet been attempted. Our water courses furnish numerous mill sites, but these works are either for ginning cotton, sawing lumber, or grinding grain. We have not less than fifteen or sixteen mills in operation for these purposes in the district. In describing Winnsborough we notice that there were two considerable saw gin establishments at that place; from these the country round is supplied with these use- ful machines, so important to cleaning of the green seed cotton. Page 186 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Population This district is now evidently on the increase in population; very few if any emigrations take place. The census of 1800 gave to Fairfield 10,343 inhabitants, of which 2,224 were slaves; twenty years after, 1820, the following was the result; whites 9,378, slaves 7,748, free blacks, 48; total 17,174. There is every probability, from the many advantages offered by this district, that Fairfield will increase much more rapidly in population that heretofore, from its having so large a body of good arable land, being so contiguous to a market, possessing a favorable climate, and inhabited by an intelligent and hospital people. Fish, Game and Birds Of the first we have the shad and sturgeon, in season, the sucker, cat-fish, red horse, trout, pike, perch, eel, gar, carp, etc. Of game we may count a few deer and wild turkeys, some foxes, raccoons, o’possums, squirrels, minks, and muskrats. Of birds that migrate are the martin, swallow, wild duck, snow bird, robin, mocking bird, thrush, catbird, humming bird, wood pecker, snipe, whippoorwill, plover, and kingfisher. Most of the following remain here all the year; jay, red bird, sparrow, also the wild turkey, partridge, dove, crow, hawk, owl, woodcock, and blackbird. The wild pigeon appears now and then, and the bald eagle is occasionally seen. Number of Poor, Deaf, Dumb, Blind and Lunatics The number of poor does not exceed thirty, and the expense of keeping them about $200. The poor fund is raised by adding a 198 History or FarrFigLp CoUNTY certain per centage upon the general tax of the district, which is not to exceed 30 per cent. upon our general tax. The sum paid to the poor amounts to less than 3 per cent. No lunatic persons known in the district. Education, Schools, Public, Private and Free Much attention is paid to the education of the youth in this district. Many respectable academies and private schools are established in various places. Those of a public nature have been already noticed. It remains to show the interest the State has taken in this important subject. By the report of the commissioners of free schools for the last two years, 363 poor children were educated in that period, at an expense of $3,220.37, all provided by the liberality of the State. This public munificence has been in operation now for fourteen years, and will eventually prove of incalculable benefit to the State, by preparing its citizens, even in the lowest circumstances, properly to appreciate their high privileges. The importance of religious instruction is not forgotten; two Sunday schools are in operation near Monticello, and one in Winnsborough. Number and Class of Religious Sects There are seven Presbyterian congregations having three officiating ministers, two Associate Reformed having two muinisters, one Associate do, having one minister. The Baptist have five churches; the Methodists six, which are supplied by two itinerant preachers, a presiding elder and some local preachers. The Episcopalians Page 187 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 have one small church lately formed at Winnsborough. In the Beaver Creek settlement there are some Universalists, who, however, are not regularly constituted into a society. There is perhaps no district in the State that numbers more religious communicants than Fairfield. The number at Jackson Creek Church equals 200. Eminent Men Thomas Woodward was a native of Virginia, and emigrated to Fairfield a considerable time before the commencement of the Revolution; at which time he was advanced in years. He APPENDIX 199 was the patron of orderly and honest men, but the implacable enemy of persons of a countrary character. Mr. Woodward was one of those persons who put the “regulation” on foot. The only court in the State was in Charleston; the country abounded with depredations on private property, especially stock; and there was reason to believe that these dishonest operations resulted from a perfect union among themselves. To convict a thief was next to impossible. The prosecutor and witnesses could not attend at a distance of 160 miles. Felons took heart from a knowledge of this circumstance, and committed these depredations in open day. The “regulation” was a necessary evil, and those engaged in it were the honest part of the community, associated to put down by unlawful but just punishment, a host, who had associated for their security and advantage in a course of villany. Mr. Woodward suffered persecution for his well intended exertions. In the dawn of the Revolution he used his influence and arguments to rouse his countrymen to action, and was foremost in the post of danger. Though not a man of letters he was a most intelligent and well informed man and his example had a happy effect in the day “when the stoutest held his breath for a time.” He lived to see his country triumphant in the great cause he espoused with so honorable an enthusiasm, but this terror of evil doers at last fell by the hand of a bandit he had surprised in his career of guilt. (He was killed several years before the war ended.) General Richard Winn, was also a native of Virginia; at the beginning of the Revolutionary struggle he entered into the regular service of this State. Having acquired glory in the battle of Fort Moultrie, he was sent to the Georgia frontiers, and commanded a company at Fort St. Illa. The service was a most perilous one and he was selected for it on account of his superior merit as an officer. Shortly after his arrival at the fort he was attacked by a strong force of Indians and tories; these he beat off for two succeeding days; on the third he surrendered with honorable terms to Major General Prevost, at the head of a considerable regular force supported by his allies. Captain Winn returned to Fairfield after his defeat if can be properly called one, and took command of a regiment of refugee militia. He was in several battles and the success of the affair of Huck’s defeat in York, and the Hanging Rock in Lancaster greatly depended upon his heroic exertions. At the 200 History or Farrrretp Country latter place, said the great and good General Davie, who commanded a regiment of cavalry, when the firing had become pretty warm, Winn turned around and said: “Is not that glorious!” He was wounded here and borne off the field about the time the enemy effected his retreat. On his recovery, Winn continued to afford General Sumter his able support, and ceased not to serve his country whilst a Red Coat Page 188 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 could be found in Carolina. He was a true patriot, and perhaps, fought in as many battles in the Revolutionary War and with as firm heart as any man living or dead. Such a man at such a time was invaluable to his country. After the return of peace he was elected brigadier general, by the Legislature of this State and rose to the rank of Major General in the militia. He also served as county-court Judge with much ability, and filled a seat for many years in the Congress of the United States. In addition to his other claims to the lasting gratitude of his country, General Winn was a perfectly honest and honorable man. He removed to Tennessee in 1812 and died a short time after. James Kincaid was a native of Ireland. In the Revolution he took that “better part”, which so many others, both natives and foreigners, thought, at that time, was a hazordous enterprise, and would in the end be stigmatized and punished as a daring rebellion. Mr. Kincaid commanded a troup of cavalry at the battle of Eutaw, in which affair he greatly distinguished himself. He was very active in the service and was a firm support to the great cause he had engaged in. He was, after the return of better times, a member of Fairfield, in the State Legislature for many years. He was the first purchaser and raiser of cotton in the upper country and did more than any other individual to enrich it by giving encouragement to the production of that great staple of South Carolina. Captain Kincaid died of malignant fever in Charleston in 1800. (He is buried, as also is his son in the First (Scotch) Presbyterian graveyard.) General John Pearson was a native of Richland District. He was a well educated and influential gentleman and at the first alarm flew like a faithful son to his country’s standard. He rose to the rank of Major in the militia, was incessant in his exertions to fulfill his duty to his State, and bore the character of a brave and skillful officer. He was chosen Colonel of Fairfield, which APPENDIX 201 until recently made but a single regiment, by a popular election, shortly after the war, and was afterwards brigadier general. Mr. Pearson filled many civil offices, to the entire satisfaction of the people. No man ever sustained a better character, or did more substantial good to the community in which he lived. His advice had the effect of parental admonition and his bright example in all the relations he sustained was a most useful and necessary example. He lived to see the province in which he was born take a respectable stand among the States of the Union, and died in 1817. Jacob Gibson removed to this State from North Carolina in 1162. He was a minister of the Baptist persuasion and a teacher. He was a sound practical scholar and a practical preacher. There is no calculating the good which resulted from his labors of love and patience. St. Parre esteems the individual who introduces a new species of fruit, which may afford support to men, as more useful to his country and more deserving of gratitude than the laurelled chieftain of victorious armies. Still more, we might add, he is to be esteemed, who spends, as Mr. Gibson did, forty years of his life to the propagation of the gospel, and in sowing the seeds of literature and refinement in a new and scarcely civilized settlement. Mr. Gibson died about the year 1796, but his memory is held in profound veneration by many who remember his exemplary worth. Col. Aromanus Lyles, Col. John Winn, and John Gray, Benjamin May, William Strothers, John Strothers, William Kirkland, Joseph Kirkland, Robert Hancock, John Page 189 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Buchanan, William McMorris, John Cook, Captain Balar, Captain Watson, and Edward Martin were among the brave defenders of their country, suffered in her cause, and closed in honor their mortal careers. Names of Places, Indian or Otherwise The Indian names of streams and places are all extinct, except in the instances of the Wateree River and Creek, and Catawba, which derive their names from the tribes formerly residing on their banks. The Cherokees originally possessed this country, but yielded it to the government in 1755. By this treaty a prodigious extent of territory was ceded, including with this district those of Edgefield, Abbeville, Laurens, Newberry, Union, Spartan202 History or FAIRFIELD CoUNTY burg, York, Chester, Richland. The attachment of the first settlers to familiar or domestic names, induced them no doubt, to retain these in preference to Indian names of streams, etc. Rocks, Granite, Freestone, Soapstone and Mmerals Lying within the granite region, this district has an abundance of the finest granite rock, for building purposes; soapstone, sandstone, slatestone, gneiss and hornblend are occasionally seen. There is a remarkable high rock near the road leading from Columbia to Winnsborough, four miles from the latter, called from its appearance, the Anvil Rock. The stone used in the courthouse was obtained about six miles south of the village, though there is little doubt but that it might be procured nearer. The soapstone is mostly found on the Broad River side of the district, and is of fine quality, with little or no grit, and capable of being sawed without much trouble. Rock crystals are common, also crystalized quartz. Iron abounds, also pyrites. A mineral spring is found near Capt. I. L. Yorgue’s (Young?) place, which possesses cathartic qualities, and is a good deal in use on that account. Materials for Building Besides the various stones already mentioned, excellent clay is found for making brick. Good pine timber is by no means plentiful, but there is the finest poplar, oak, maple, cherry, walnut, etc. Of the first, there are trees which will measure eighteen or twenty feet around, and of majestic height. Agriculture, Waste Lands, What Improvements Seem To Be Wanting Some little progress in agriculture has been made in several parts of the district; a system of culture has been begun, tending to lessen the impoverishment of the soil, and to improve its capacity to reproduce. It is a cause of regret that our planters and farmers generally, do not yet see the advantage and necessity of manuring system on their lands, which is sure to add to their productive powers and save the forest from the destroying axe. The rapid disappearance of our forest trees is a serious evil and much to be deplored. We ought to recollect that there are APPENDIX 2038 no mines of coal that we can have resort to for fuel, and we ought now to resolve to let the evil done in this respect suffice, and direct our attention to husband Page 190 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 our resources, preserve our woods, clear little more land than is absolutely necessary for cultivation, manure that which is already cleared, and thus establish upon a permanent footing the agricultural interests of the country and recommend our prudence to succeeding generations. One of the principal improvements wanted in this district relates to this subject, and every effort should be made to establish a system of cultivation adapted to the peculiar circumstances of the country, which will insure its prosperity. Literature, Libraries, State of the Arts The people of this district are fond of reading, and many are provided with excellent private libraries. Being the seat of a college at one time, and now of several academies, a taste for literature has disseminated itself among the people. In the fine arts but little progress has been made, though a taste is gradually forming. In the various mechanical arts Fairfield is as far advanced as most of her sister districts. Amount of Taxes The returns to the Treasury make the taxes paid by this district amount to upwards of $7,200. The taxes are laid on lands, lots, Negroes, stock in trade and professions. Miscellaneous Observations The singular veneration of the Indians for the rattlesnake has been frequently remarked by those conversant with the character and customs of the aborigines of this country. This was the cause of their sparing the lives of these animals. The native generosity of the rattlesnake in never attacking his enemy without giving him notice, defending himself, but not proving the first aggressor is said to be the ground for this predilection of the Indians in favor of these reptiles; hence they were found on first settlement of the country to have attained a great age, and were of enormous size. The circumstance above alluded to may account for some extraordinary accounts of the size of the rattle204 History or Farirrirtp County snakes killed by the first white settlers, one of which we shall now proceed to relate. The fact appears to be well confirmed, by a number of credible witnesses, some of whom are still living, so that no doubt exists respecting its validity. The first settlers on the head of Beaver Creek were under the necessity of confining themselves to Fort Waggoner for protection from the Indians. A young man by the name of James Phillips went out with a hunting party, and on his return, near the fort he shot a rattlesnake, which, on examination was found to have a fawn in its stomach. This circumstance, observes, DD. R. Coleman, Esq., has been related to me by Phillips himself, and by a number of others who saw the snake when it was brought into the fort, and the fawn taken out of it. From the good character these men had among their neighbors as men of veracity, and my own long acquaintance with Phillips, [ have no doubt but that he killed the snake and that it had a fawn in its stomach.! Page 191 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Catesby describes a rattlesnake which measured eight feet in length, in whose stomach six young swallows were found, and when killed was in the act of killing more of these birds. Broad River, originally called Eswaw Huppeedaw, or Line River, divided the empire of the Cherokees from the Catawbas. The latter were a numerous and brave people. They received the white settlers kindly and treated them with great generosity. The Cherokees adopted a contrary policy—plundering the whites and shed their blood in numerous wars, waged with a view to plunder, and conducted in the true savage spirit. The early settlers followed hunting, trapping and rasing stock, but these pursuits were often interrupted by excursions of the enemy into the infant settlements. It became necessary to construct forts in every little neighborhood. The first of these was Fort Waggoner. It was erected in the Cherokee War of 1760 on Beaver Creek six miles above its mouth; into this the poor scattered inhabitants flocked, and received its protection until the end of the war. Their meat was obtained by hunting and their bread was brought on pack horses from the Congaree. "1 Major T. Means, remarking on this subject, observes: “The killing of the snake with the fawn in it, was related to me by James Phillips, and the spot where it occurred. He showed me in one of my fields. The cir cumstance was also attested to me by Albert Beam and others, who were eye witnesses of the fact. APPENDIX 205 A fort was erected at Philip Raiford’s, opposite Pearson’s island; one at John Hick’s at the plantation of P. Pearson, Esq., another at James Andrews’, now Major Player’s. This chain of forts continued down to McCord’s ferry. Edward Mobley, from Virginia, with six sons, all with families settled on Beaver Creek in the vicinity of Waggoner Fort, from whom the settlement on that creek has taken the name of Mobley settlement. There is one circumstance connected with those early settlers that appears extraordinary to us at the present day, which is that none of the lands were surveyed until ten years after they were taken up, and none of the surveys exceeded 200 acres. The first settlers builded their log cabins near the margins of the creeks and rivers. At the termination of the Cherokee War in 1760, settlers arrived from the Palitinate, Pennsylvania, Virginia and Wales. Winkinson’s Creek was the seat of the Welch. PEARSON MANUSCRIPT The following letter is used as a fitting introduction to the “Pearson Manuscript”: Oakland on the Marsh Mount Pleasant, S. C. September 30, 1941. My Dear Mr. McMaster: The Pearson Manuscript transcript to which you refer was copied by me in 1927 and transmitted to you through Mr. Snowden, who knew of your interest in Fairfield. It is my recollection that I made an exact copy of Draper’s copy in the Wisconsin Historical Society Library. Draper made full transcripts usually, rather than Page 192 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 notes, and it is my belief that he did so in the case of the Pearson Manuscript. If Miss Louise P. Kellogg advised you that the document is merely Draper’s excerpts, I accept her statement, for she has been custodian of the manuscripts many years, and knows more about them than anyone else. It is my recollection that I copied all there was of the Pearson Manuscript. Mr. Pearson was evidently an untrained student of history, who made statements without going to the arduous labor of verifying them. I do not think his work is of much value except for suggestions. 206 History or FAIRFIELD CoUNTY I hope that your history of Fairfield is nearing completion. T shall certainly purchase a copy when it is available. Sincerely yours, Ann K. Grecory. (Mr. Pearson left Fairfield and went to Texas in 1838) LOGAN MSS: PEARSON’S NARRATIVE Draper Collection: Sumter M 8S § 16 VV 165-201 165 From late Philip Edward Pearson’s (of Matagorda, Texas) Manuscript History of Fairfield District, 5. C.—a native of Fairfield District, an eminent lawyer, & for many years solicitor of the District. He took great interest in every thing connected with the colonial & Revolutionary history of S. C., & his memory was a perfect store house of facts, incidents. Eatracts Craven County—The District of Country known as Fairfield, in 8. C., was in early times an undivided part of Craven County, & Parish of St. Marks. The County & the Parish, which were identical in limits, were three times as large as the present Alabama, extending from tide water in Carolina to the Mississippi river. The Catawbas.—The Catawbas, says tradition, were originally from the neighborhood of Montreal. The French & Connewaugas owed them most deadly hatred. Determining to escape their powerful adversaries, they crossed the St. Lawrence, probably at Detroit, and moved on South West with their best speed. The Connewaugas gave them chase, and on the upper (166) streams of the Kentucky (called in some old maps Katawba) came up with the fugitives. Making a virtue, and a noble one, of necessity, the gallant Catawbas turned upon their pursuers, and gave them a terrible overthrow. It was an Indian Hohenlinden. At this point the little nation divided. One division took their way for the Mississippi, and was most probably absorbed in the greater tribes of Chickasaws or Choctaws. About 1825 (166) the steamboat Catawba arrived from the West at Mobile, & it was said she was called after some stream in the far South West. The other division turned from their battle-ground to the East, & settled for some years on Catawba Creek, Bottetourt County, Virginia. APPENDIX 207 This division afterwards moved on South to Catawba river, in South Carolina, where they encountered the jealous but magnanimous Cherokees—arriving in Carolina about 1650. The patriarch Ramsay in his beautiful History of South Carolina, makes a solemn appeal to the people to foster the remnant of that most deserving and magnanimous tribe. (167) How far his suggestion has been attended to, Carolinians may answer. The Catawbas never did shed one drop of white men’s blood. It is true, they were crusty when the whites made their first encroachments upon the Catawba lands, but they were soon & easily pacified. * * * South Carolina never fell into Page 193 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 any difficulty in which she did not find the Catawbas by her side. A company was with Barnwell in his expedition against the Tuscaroras, another with Rhett the year after; another with Col. Thomson (the Old Ranger) when the British on Long Island threatened the rear of Fort Moultrie; another with Williamson, & afterwards with Pickens, in the Cherokee war, & always brave and faithful. Genl New River, Old Scott & Catawba George were renowned warriors. * * * The Catawbas were as remarkable for their honesty as their bravery. A party of them were accused of taking corn from a settler’s crib on Toole’s Fork of Fishing Creek. They repelled the charge indignantly, saying “all is lost but our honor.” During the Revolutionary War the small—(167)—pox took off hundreds of Catawbas; & in (168) after times firewater precipitated their destiny. In 1835 the noble little nation numbered about one hundred of poor dispirited people, suffering for the commonest necessaries of life. The Indian cannot work. He has with all the colored races throughout the world a lack of foresight and perseverance, and when brought into contact with the Anglo-Saxon race perish he must. A reconciliation was apparently effected between the Catawbas and their Northern enemies about 1760, at Augusta. The Catawba King and six of his warriors accompanied Lieut. Gov. Bull to that City, where Royal Governors and Indian Chiefs were appointed to meet for the purpose of a general pacification. Mr. Bull had the precaution to keep his Catawba friends closely concealed in the hotel until it could be ascertained whether the Connewaugas would bury the hatchet with them or not. They said for sometime, and persisted obstinately in their declaration, that they never would be friends with the Catawbas, whilst the grass grew or the water ran. With much persuasion they at length 208 History or Farrriretp County relented, and then Mr. Bull brought out his Catawbas. The King and his warriors advanced towards the place of meeting with the rim of their caps down, and chanting a national song. On approaching the house, they threw up the rim of their caps, ceased their solemn, melody, entered the house with a firm step and took the place assigned. They were admired by the white men as well as by the red, for their extraordinary grace and dignity. A universal peace was the result of the meeting. This narrative of the Albany meeting is taken from Mr. Bull’s beautiful and graphic letter to the Colonial Government, recorded (169) in the Indian Book preserved in the Secretary of State’s Office at Columbia. The assassination of King Hagler was a dreadful shock to the Catawbas, from which they never recovered. About 1766, seven Shawnees secretly invaded the Catawba territory. The Old King was residing some distance from the chief town, to allow his young men a better chance to hunt, and his women to manufacture pottery. His country residence was a sort of Sans Souci. The lurking Shawnees picked the opportunity and (170) murdered the venerable and most beloved Chieftain. The fatal news was immediately conveyed to the town, and pursuit in no time commenced after the wrongdoers. Six of them were tracked out by an unbarking dog, and captured. The seventh made his escape by swimming the river. Arriving in safety on the western shore, he flourished the scalp of old Hagler in barnarous triumph. A tragedy deeper than ever past described, followed. In the Catawba Council the six captives were sentenced to death by whipping. As all work but hunting and war was assigned to the women, so the women on. this dreadful occasion were appointed the executioners. One after another the captives were pinioned by one hand to a stake. The victim was furnished with a small gourd containing pebbles. So soon as the lash was applied, he commenced rattling his gourd, and chanting his death song. Life Page 194 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 lasted under this flagellation from sun-rise to sun-set. When the sixth Shawnee was tied to the Stake, and the female furies were about commencing their infernal operation, (171) a beautiful Catawba girl named Betty rushed in to his rescue. (171) She said she loved him, and claimed him for a husband. The occurrence struck all present forcibly. A council was immediately called to determine on what was proper to be done on an occasion so novel—and interesting. The Council said, that in an ordniary APPENDIX 209 case, the claim of Betty would have all its effect, but the crime charged on the prisoner, the killing of the king, was altogether unpardonable. They decided that the sentence of death should be forthwith executed. The executioners were about addressing themselves to the work of death. Betty rushed in a second time, and with a hatchet clove his skull, and he fell dead instantly. She declared aloud that if she could not have him for a husband, the nation should not have the satisfaction of seeing his bleeding body torn by the scourge. Betty afterwards married an Indian of the name of Jackson; but in her extreme old age, when her beloved Shawnee was alluded to, she said with great feeling that she “loved him too much.” Such (172) is the inexhaustible wealth of the genuine female heart. Revolutionary War.—F airfield was not a battle-field. It was remarked that many of the Whigs established a fair fame for heroism: Sumter said Benjamin May was the bravest man he ever knew. Among the Tories not one hero was to be found. The Whigs & Tories met at Mobley’s Meeting House, and after the first crack of the rifle the Tories fled to a man. The same thing occurred at a Whig & Tory skirmish at Caldwell’s Place, on Lee’s Creek, & after the firing & rout of the Tories perfect, their leader Col. John Phillips was found squatted in a brier (172) patch, and dragged out a prisoner. The Court of Appeals of South Carolina have tacitly affirmed the doctrine that the devil is entitled to his due. And according to that decision, John Phillips was entitled to his due. He had an unaccountable influence over Cornwallis, and in the beneficient exercise of that influence he obtained pardon for all the Whigs condemned to death at the drum-head court, whilst (178) his Lordship occupied Winnsboro. During the stay of the British he often sent for John Milling and Watty Robertson to converse with him about matters connected with his command. He said they were men of extraordinary sense, and no doubht often reminded him of victories resulting in no advantage, and triumphs ending in hard knocks and ultimate disaster. Cornwallis ordered the country people to be paid liberally for their produce, & molested no one in the enjoyment of civil rights. With the due military ceremonies and precautions he admitted everyone to his markee who chose to eall. Johnny Sarvice visited him. He was a crack old Irishman. “And who,” said Cornwallis, “are you?” “I am Johnny Sarvice, 210 History oF FAIRFIELD CoUNTY at your sarvice.” “Well, what do you want?” “I want pay for a patch of wheat eat up by the British cavalry.” “Well go,” said his Lordship, “to the Commissary, establish your claim, & get your money.” Johnny thought it appropriate to indulge his irresistable propensity for crankness, and before he left the presence, he inquired of Cornwallis “if he was of any kin to the Wallis’ down the road?” 174 John Mills, of Chester, gained admission to the markee. “And who,” said Cornwallis, “are you?” “My Lord,” re-(174) plied Mills, “do not you remember ould John Mills who kept your father’s race-horses in Ireland?” “Qh, is that you John? Give us a wag of your bone, and help yourself right freely to spirits and water.” John drank, but failed to grace his dram with a toast. “And have you any business Page 195 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 with me, my old friend?” “Yes, your Lordship; I understand you have it in view to hang a good many of your dam’t Whigs, and I had it in mind to say till ye, that that was not the way to succeed with these people. Besides, nothing is more uncertain than the fate of battles, and your Lordship and your brave men may change places with the Whigs now condemned to die. My son John is one of the damdest Whigs in the colony, and if your Lordship goes on to hang, and you should afterwards fall into John’s hands, he would hang up your Lordship like a dog.” Johnny’s speech had its possible effect—for nobody was hung—no property plundered or destroyed. (175). It would not be worth while to speak of the spirited attack made by a part of Sumter’s force on the British post at Rocky Mount. Turnbull, in command of that post with British and Tories, made out to maintain his position with inconsiderable loss. The hope in the attack consisted in firing a stack of hay, and so communicating the flames to the fort. But the unruly wind blew the wrong way. And how often in life do we find that we fail because the wind is perverse or intractable? James Johnston, commonly known as Adjutant Johnston, was the Whig hero on this occasion. He wore then the blade which graced the side of his grandfather at the Siege of Derry. After the defeat of the British at Blackstock’s, (Union County) and it (175) was incontestible as to its completeness, the wreck of the British troops engaged in that fight dropped down to Mrs. Dansby’s near Broad river. The poor old widow was forthwith ordered out of the dwelling with her children. She APPENDIX 911 refused to go; force was threatened. She bid defiance to force. “I will not say what I am; (176) but you say I am a British subject, and if so, I have the rights of a British subject until I am legally divested by the verdict of a jury. If you must needs have a shelter, go take the kitchen, and make the best of it.” They took her at her word, and British officers, scarlet-clad, and trimmed off with gold lace, and decorated with gold epaulettes, were glad to find an asylum in poor old Martha Dansby’s kitchen. Such is the effect of indomitable resolution exerted in the right spirit in a good cause. Many of the British officers and soldiers wounded at Blackstock’s died here. Among the rest, and chiefest in all that constitutes the man and the hero, was Major Money. He was connected with some of the highest names in Old England, and distinguished for scholarship, kind-heartedness and gallantry. The day he was summoned from the kitchen to another world, the pewter on the shelf rattled with the severity of his convulsive agonies, and he cried out often, “Come on, brave boys, we value none of them but Tom Sumter and Will Washington !” 177 Major Money is particularly mentioned, because, strange to say, his English friends were never apprised of his fate, & not thirty years ago inquiries were made after him. He sleeps on the hill-top where he breathed his last, and the winds have long since whispered his requiem. 177 Besides contributing many brave men to the regiment of Rangers (Col. Thomson’s— Capt. Woodward’s Company) afterwards to Sumter’s, & sometimes to Marion, Fairfield sustained the great cause with a noble spirit. After the drawn battle of Hobkirk Hill, which the British claimed as a great victory, but which, by-the-by, they had no power to improve, Greene passed over the Wateree at Grave’s Ford, & encamped on the N. bank of Swany’s Creek. His vigilant adversary, Rawdon, crossed the Wateree at Camden, & marching up encamped on the south side of that stream. The Creek was not large, but the banks were high, steep and impracticable. Here the two armies met face to face, and both concluded to Page 196 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 retire without a battle. Rawdon dropped (178) down towards the Low Country; & Greene, with his wretched force, almost naked, swarming with vermin, thinned by two battles, and scrawny with famine, took post at Mr. Reuben Harrison’s. They needed every thing. They tented under the blue arch of kind 2912 History oF FairFIeELD CountryY heaven, slackened nothing of purposes and resolves, and looked manfully forward to happier times and brighter days. Mr. Harrison had been with Sumter in his perils, his partial success, and his defeats. He thought like a soldier, and he felt like a man. He ordered his people to forward to the army breadstuffs, vegetables, fat cattle and fat sheep in plenty. Greene remained at his bivouac for a whole week, living on the hospitality of Mr. Harrison. When about to march, having no strong box, he tendered his host a certificate for the bountiful supplies he had furnished. “No,” said Harrison, “we are all engaged in the same great (178) cause. You are welcome to all you have received. Your success will be my pay.” In one of his marches through the uplands, (Col. William) Washington’s corps of (179) cavalry halted at /ngleman’s Mull, on Wilkinson’s Creek, sometimes called Owen’s Creek. His object most probably was to watch the motions of the British Col. Innes, who was posted at Scheerer’s Ferry (afterwards called Strother’s, afterwards called Clap’s—what now ?—the Americans are most unfortunate in giving names) Washington was wholly out of money and out of supplies. The Commissary, Mr. Hutchinson, was sent over to Philip Pearson, who lived near, to ascertain the chance of procuring meat and bread for his men, and food for the horses; & if these necessary articles could be had, to provide for their transportation to the destitute camp. For one week, Washington’s men & horses were abundantly furnished from Mr. Pearson’s farm. And he, too, like his friend Harrison waived all compensation present or prospective. These are bright stars in the cap of Fairfield, & they ought not to be suffered to grow dim, or escape the memory of a grateful posterity. The Tories—A word may be said in (180) apology for the Tories. Revolution at best is a fearful thing. There is no knowing where it may end, whether in freedom, anarchy or despotism. Its effects in general act dreadfully on the civil, social and domestic relations. Besides, it might have been hoped, that with a change in the British Ministry, American grievances would have been promptly redressed. There is perhaps a better apology for that class of our people. In the (180) darkest period of the war—President Rutledge, whose mighty genius could alone cast a gleam of hope across the thick gloom that rested upon the country, established his headquarters at Orangeburgh, by Proclamation convened all his militias, and in language which APPENDIX 213 few could mistake and none resist, he invited the Tories to a consultation. The Tories came in by companies, by battalions and regiments, and were formed into a Brigade by the name of State troops, under Henderson, & did admirable service at the great battle of the Eutaw. An anecdote connected with the aforesaid Proclamation deserves (181) to be recorded. Rutledge had prepared his Proclamation “in thoughts that breathe and in words that burn,” and called upon his ready writers to copy it off for circulation in the most finished style of chirography. A friend in his confidence suggested the great advantages of sending it forth in print. The President admitted it; but added, the British are in possession of the only press in the State, & to obtain even the temporary use of it is impossible. “That difficulty,” responded the Page 197 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 gentleman, “may be overcome; there is a gun smith living a few miles off who never failed in a solitary attempt to accomplish any thing he put his hand to.” “Well, please to send for him.” In a short time Mr. Mucklerath, the gun-smith, reported himself to the President, and respectfully inquired his commands. “My wishes,” said the President, “are that you cast forthwith a set of types to print my Proclamation —can you do it?” Mucklerath pleaded ignorance of the art of type founding, but said he would try. Pewter plates and all procurable materials (181) for the important job were immediately (182) put in requisition. The ingenious mechanic went to work; some went to manufacturing printer’s ink, suitable paper was procured, the types were finished in a day, the printer’s went to work, and on the following day out came the Proclamation in admirable style. John Hampton was a Virginian by birth, & emigrated with his father’s family to Carolina in early lfe—anterior to 1770 Old Mr. Hampton settled in the mountain region, not being willing to trust his health to the middle or low country. A few years afterwards, he and several of his family fell victims to the bloody Cherokees. On the breaking out of the Revolutionary War, John Hampton espoused the Whig cause with zeal, and continued in the service until the battle of the Eutaws, where in a command of a battalion of State troops, he closed his military career. On the return of peace he married and settled for a few years in the District of Beaufort. He ultimately (183) made his permanent home on the banks of Broad River, Lexing214 History or FarrFrerLt>p CouUNTY ton District. Here he resided till the day of his death, scrupulously discharging the duties of life like an honest man and a, good citizen. His house was a home for all decent travellers, and his advice, his services, and his purse were at the command of the afflicted. Few men have acted their part in life from a better feeling or a purer principle. Major Hampton’s education was respectable, which as long as he lived he continued to add to and improve. He wrote well, he composed with facility and marked correctness. His (183) conversation was light, beautiful, instructive. Wit was the distinguishing characteristic of his mind, and his flashes of merriment are not yet forgotten by his old friends. The Major was of middle size, symmetrically proportioned, & of extraordinary beauty. He was frequently returned a member of the Lower House for Lexington, & served several terms as Senator for Lexington and Newberry. His wit was dreaded by the verdant, & (184) opinions respected by all classes. He died at his seat about 1807. (Capt.) John Buchanan, of Fairfield District, was a native of the North of Ireland, & arrived in the country before the commencement of hostilities—was made a Captain in the regular army. He was with his company on Williamson’s inglorious & fruitless campaign against the Cherokees in 1776. Every morning at daybreak the sage commander ordered the swivels to be fired off, so that the Cherokees knew more about him than he did about himself, and picked their time and place to annoy him. Williamson afterwards went off with the British. He was a Scotchman, and did not know a letter in the book. In that campaign, in a trifling skirmish, fell young Salvadore, a youth of extraordinary endowments and of rare promise. Capt. Buchanan was afterwards at the siege of Savannah and fall of Charleston. The days of his soldiering having drawn to a close he returned to Fairfield where he had (185) numerous friends & relations—Married, purchased a farm on Little River, engaged in the ruinous experiment of mill-building on that impetuous stream; afterwards engaged in the business of Inn holder (185) in Winnsborough, which he Page 198 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 found profitable. He was rewarded with the office of Judge of Ordinary, which brought him in a snug salary, & which, together with the profits of a small farm, enabled him to retire from the Inn, & placed him in easy circumstances. APPENDIX 215 Such was the neatness and regularity with which his office of Ordinary was kept, that it was indeed a pattern office. The latter part of his life was devoted to religious duties, and his conduct, in all its relations, strikingly exemplary. Capt. Buchanan was tall, and of considerable personal dignity; his manners were those of a perfect gentleman—but he never could lay aside the stateliness of a veteran officer. He died about 1831. Maj. Henry Moore, a native of Ireland, a fine mathematician— many years a teacher—a Capt-Lieut in Regt. of S. C. Artillery in 1776—in fight at Beaufort Island, & siege of Charleston— afterwards Sheriff of Fairfield, & died at his beautiful seat near Winnsboro in 1845. 186 Gen. John Pearson, eldest son of John P. (who was a native of Berkshire Co., England, & early settled in Carolina) was born in what is now Richland Co., S. C., in 1748. Under the instructions of his father, & with a little school education, he became a very good English scholar. He was, however, cut out for action, & devoted but very little time to the cultivation of letters. He was attentive to the main chance—acquired considerable money, purchased a few hands and a noble plantation on Broad River, in Fairfield, where he fixed himself for hfe. At the commencement of the war, Mr. Pearson was appointed Major of Volunteers (every Whig was a volunteer), and took the field under Sumter. He did much service under the command of the Game Cock of the Revolution, and was sometimes dispatched on distant and perilous duty. He knew what it was to thirst, to starve, to sleep on the cold damp ground in pestilent swamps, & go in rags and tatters through the bitterness of winter. Major Pearson finished his military career with a high character for courage, activity, and conduct; and no officer of his grade carried with him to the walks of private life a higher & more affectionate regard of those he had commanded in days of peril and difficulty. The Fairfield people sent him perhaps oftener than for one term to: the Legislature when that body met at Charleston. On the re-organization of the militia system in 1796, there was a vacancy for a Colonel’s command in the newly constructed Fairfield regiment, & he was elected over Maj. Turner; & subsequently attained the rank of Brigadier-General. In 1804, he was elected State Senator for the district of Fairfield, Richland & Chester; & at the expiration of his senatorial term, he dropt 216 History oF Farrrmup County all public employments, devoting the balance of his days to neighborly duties & the improvement of his estate. All through life he was the blessed peace-maker & the adjuster of diffculties. He reconciled, as with authority, husbands and wives who had become discontented, and dissatisfied parents, & children. No one who ever came to his Chancery, ever left it displeased, & all said, or thought or felt, “blessed is the peace-maker.” He accumulated a large estate, exercised unlimited hospitality, and (188) practised a liberal charity. He died about 1820, in the 76th year of his age. The love of his country was the last glow that warmed his old heart. Gen. Richard Winn was from the old Dominion. He immigrated to Carolina a considerable time before the War, and served as a clerk in the counting-house in Page 199 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Charleston for some years. He then took a position in the Virginia Colony in Fairfield, where he found many old friends and kindred. Here he followed the business of a land surveyor until just before the coast was whitened with the canvass (so spelled) of the British ships, and lit up with red coats. He received the appointment of First Lieutenant in Capt. Woodward’s company of Rangers, and served on Sullivan’s Island when Sir Peter Parker made his formidable attack on the palmetto fort. The enemy having withdrawn for a time from that quarter, gave the commanding General time to look about him, and attend to the interest of the country at other and distant points. He received advices that the Tories (189) and Indians, backed by a few British troops, were committing sad havoc in the most Southern part of Georgia. The country was totally defenceless. Fort St. Illa and Fort Barrington had been both abandoned. It was desirable that the former should be placed in good repair & thoroughly garrisoned with a view to hold the enemy in check, and restrain his wanton depredations. The general promised the command in this important service to any officer of the rank of Captain who could raise eighty volunteers for the purpose. Winn was now Captain, but he was not the first to beat up for volunteers; several Captains attempted to do so, and failed. Capt. Winn at length raised his flag, and ordered out his music. In less than 25 minutes his number was made up. He made no unnecessary delay; he & his men were speedily equipped and mounted, and they took up the line of march for their distant point of destination. APPENDIX O17 On approaching Fort St. Tla, a considerable body of the enemy were discovered. He divided his force into two equal (190) parts; one he left to find its way to the fort, and to preserve the military stores committed to its charge. The other he put himself at the head of, and ordered a charge upon the enemy. He declined returning the Whig fire, and set off with speed for his flotilla in the river eleven miles below. Winn killed 14 of them on the chase, wounded as many more, and recovered all the property which they had gathered in their plundering excursion into the country, with a quantity of arms and ammunition. He returned to his friends well rewarded for his long race, and the slight peril incident to his enterprise. Capt. Winn found the fort in an utterly ruined condition, and set about constructing a new one much larger than the old one. He took the axe & the spade himself, and there were no lookersonin camp. A strong block-house, inclosed with huge plaisades, soon sprang up sufficient to afford protection against any number of small arms. The fort was scarcely completed when a large body of Tories and Indians, sustained by a few regular troops, made their approach. (191) A flag was sent in to demand the instantaneous surrender of the fort. The Captain knew the strength of his position, and the character of the brave men under his command. He declined the surrender demanded, and prepared for his defence, as it was evident, against fearful odds. The firing commenced on both sides, and was kept up almost incessantly for near three days. Many of the enemy climbed up into the neighboring trees with a view to fire over the pickets into the body of the fort; but the block-house rendered their efforts unavailing, and many a one never descended alive from their high nest in the tree-tops. On the evening of the third day of the fight, Gen. Prevost came up from Augusta with three pieces of cannon and a strong regular force. A flag demanding an unconditional surrender arrived speedily at the fort. Winn saw his case now was a hopeless one, as he had no power to resist artillery. He therefore determined to surrender, but insisted on certain terms to be settled by articles of capitulation. The Commissioners were appointed to draw up the terms, to which (192) Maj. Genl. Page 200 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 Provost & Capt. Winn set their hands—they were very liberal and favorable to the Americans. The gates of the fort were then thrown open, and many of Prevost’s officers entered. It is said, 218 History oF FairFIELD CoUNTY that when he saw a Captain and a few ragged militia who inflicted on his motly army damage to an unprecedented amount, he groaned, in spirit. On first arriving at the fort, the Americans had turned their horses into the range, many straggled off, and not a few fell into the hands of the enemy. Three fourths of the men had to march on foot to their distant homes in middle and upper Carolina. As the force under Capt. Winn at Fort St. Illa were three fifths of them soldiers in his company of Rangers, the surrender operated as a dissolution of the company. As soon as he was exchanged, he was appointed Colonel of the Fairfield Whig regiment, marched at its head, and joined Genl. Sumter. Except when detailed on special duty, which was the case often, and in which he always acted effectually and heroically, he was always by his General’s side, and participated in his principal (193) battles. He was with him among many other trying occasions at the battle of Hanging Rock, where he received a wound through the body, which was near proving fatal. In that battle no man quailed—every American behaved like a veteran. Cornwallis was heard to say that no battle fell heavier on the British, considering the numbers engaged, the Battle of Bunker Hill excepted. Recovering slowly from his dreadful wound, the Colonel returned again to his command, and was always at his post of duty. He never returned to the delights of home, or the business of civil life as long as there was a Briton in the land, or a Tory persisting in his rebellion. On the return of peace he visited his friends, and resumed his long abandoned labors. He shortly afterwards married, settled a farm, purchased negroes and stock, and went to work to provide for his family. In 1788, he was appointed U. States Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Creek (Southern Indians) Nation. He was called several times to serve in the Legislature, and presided in the County Court whilst that system was allowed to continue. (194) On the reorganization of the militia in 1796, he was elected a Brigadier General and some years after Major General, of the upper division. About 1793 he beat Gen. Sumter for Congress, but. was beaten in turn by Sumter at the ensuing election. About 1796 (1801—L. C. D.) Sumter was elected to the U.S. Senate, and Winn succeeded him as Representative, and held that high appointment by many successive elections, down to 1812. He was twice very fully opposed, and at every other was APPENDIX 219 chosen without opposition. He belonged to the Jefferson party in politics, and never during the whole course of his public life was he suspected of a change in sentiment. Gen. Winn was a highly respectable member, but no speaker. One efficient speech, however, he made about the time of the declaration of the War of 1812. The bill looking to the war, providing for an increase of the army, made provision for calling into the field a great many volunteer regiments. A Federal member ridiculed the idea of opposing British veterans with raw volunteers. Winn was stung by his remark, and addressing the Speaker replied to him, that “he (195) had commanded volunteers, and had seen how that description of troops could fight. He had seen them meet British veterans who considerably out-numbered them, and had seen them beat British veterans in the open field. I will give that gentleman a picked regiment of his favorite veterans, and will put myself in command of a regiment of Volunteers, we will have a meeting, and if I don’t flog him (‘popping his hands Page 201 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 emphatically) my head for it.”. The Federal member evidently displayed signs of discomfiture, and the Republicans openly congratulated Winn for his Triumph. Gen. Winn had the usual weakness of putting his hand to paper as security, and as is usual generally had the money to pay. Between 1795 and 1810, he paid security debts to the amount of $50,000. In his long absences from home, his overseers did what was good in their own eyes—that is, never to consult the good of the employer. His plantation was unproductive of profits, and his circumstances were not prosperous. He sold his lands at good advantage, removed with an aching heart from (196) his ancient seat, and a country he loved, to a body of lands he owned on Duck river Tennessee. Here, after some years in the depth of the solitude, and amidst strangers, he breathed his last at a good old age. Gen. Winn was upwards of six feet in height, and indifferently well formed. His countenance was noble and majestic, and beamed with the warmth of benevolence and kindness. His port was noble, and his manners dignified and elegant. Thomas Woodward removed with a large family from Virginia, & settled in Fairfield, S. C. about 1765. Took an active part in the Regulation in putting down the Scofilites; in 1775, appd. a Captain in Col. William Thomson’s regiment of Rangers, & aided in the defense of Charleston in 1776, with his regiment. As Capt. W. was now near sixty years of age, he resigned & retired to his home—where he aided efficiently in keeping the Tories in check. He was a terror to evil doers, & the dry bones of the Tories shook at the very name of Woodward. About eight years after peace he lost his life in heading a party in attacking & breaking up a gang (197) of thieves. He was considerably over common size, possessing strong but agreeable features, & his form was symmetry itself. He was ever regarded as one of the heroic men of Fairfield. L.C.D. Futaw Battle—State Troops.——The able and distinguished Genl. Henderson was placed in chief command of the Mounted State troops, & history has done them nothing but justice in ascribing to them the highest praise. That part of them who acted on horseback performed their part to admiration. They charged upon the enemy, poured in their dreadful rifle shots, or pistol shots as the case required, with the alacrity and coolness of veterans. Fairfield’s population during the Revolution was about equally divided between the Whigs & Tories—among the former is enumerated Adjutant James Johnston, Benjamin May, Isham & Daniel Dansby, & Reuben Harrison. Page 202 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK ** HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY SOUTH CAROLINA FROM “Before the White Man Came” to 1942 ###### # # ##### ####### # # ##### ####### # # # # ## ## # # # ## # # # # # ## ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ###### # # # # #### ##### # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## ### # # # # # # ###### # # ##### ####### # # ### ##### ####### # # Transcribed from original documents by Brent R. Brian & Martha M. Brian. This document and others can be found on our website: BMGEN We claim COPYLEFT on the documents that we publish that are our original work. COPYLEFT “rules” can be reviewed on the web site: GNU Free Documentation License In short, use what you like. But if you use our stuff, mention us as the source. Brent R. Brian Martha M. Brian BrianMitchellGenealogy@gmail.com Page 203 of 203 ** PAGE BREAK **